<p>Jasovská Cave  is a speleothem limestone cave and archaeological site in the Slovak Karst in Slovakia. It is located near the village of Jasov, around 25 km from Košice city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cave was partly opened for the public in 1846, making it the oldest publicly accessible cave in Slovakia. The lower parts of the cave were discovered in 1922 to 1924 and a concrete footpath was built and electrical lightning was installed in 1924. 852 m out of 2,148 m are open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Many archaeological discoveries of the Paleolithic, Neolith and the Hallstatt periods have been made in the cave. Along with a number of caves of the Slovak Karst, Jasovská Cave has been induced into the UNESCO World Heritage list as a part of the Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst site.</p><br>
<p>Betsom&#39;s Hill is a hill on the North Downs, and the highest point in the county of Kent at 251 m. Situated between Westerham and Tatsfield, at the western edge of the county, it lies close to where the A233 crosses the Downs en route to Biggin Hill. This is the highest part of the North Downs, with Botley Hill the highest point, nearby to the west. The hill lies at the western end of the Kent Downs, an area of outstanding natural beauty.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The crest of the hill was the location of a Victorian defence fort, one of twelve locations along the North Downs built to protect London in case of attack by foreign invaders crossing the channel. Known as Betsom’s Hill Fort or Westerham Fort, it was part of the London Defence scheme, and was intended to act both as a mobilisation centre for volunteer troops, and as an ammunition store. The fort which consisted of ramparts, casemates and a magazine has been partially demolished and converted for use as workshops, with private houses appropriately named Fort Cottages now occupying the site.</p><br>
<p>The highest part of the hill is unmarked, in an area inaccessible to the public, making it the only county top that is on private land and which cannot be easily visited. The lower slopes are more accessible, with the North Downs Way, a long distance trail passing beneath the crest, in an area known as Hill Park. Running in parallel at the foot of the scarp slope is another more ancient route, the Pilgrims Way.</p><br>
<p>The artist and craftsman, John Paul Cooper selected Betsom’s Hill as the location for his house, workshop and studio. He designed the house in the Arts and Crafts style to reflect the local Kentish architecture, and lived there until his death in 1933.</p><br>
<h2>Westerham Heights</h2><br>
<p>Westerham Heights the highest point of Greater London at 245 m is also part of Betsom&#39;s hill, albeit with a separate name. It is located at, adjacent to the A233 where the county boundary intersects the dip slope of the escarpment. On the north-west side of the hill, there is another boundary feature, a tripoint where the borders of Surrey, Kent and Greater London meet at Rag Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Westerham Hill</h2><br>
<p>Westerham Hill is the name given to the stretch of the A233 that ascends Betsom’s Hill up to Westerham heights. In August 1887 it was the venue for one of the earliest cycle hill climbs, even though it was considered nearly impossible to complete due to the steep gradient of the then un-metalled road. Twenty-four competitors took part, using a variety of machines including penny-farthings, tricycles, and the new safety bicycles, all with solid tyres. Organised by the Catford Cycling Club, only half of the starters completed the climb, a rider of a penny-farthing came fourth, with the winner using a safety bike. Westerham was used for another sixteen of these hill climb events, as were a number of other Kent hills. The modern hill climb event is still run nearby at Yorks Hill.</p><br>
<p>Commonly known as the Denmark Vesey House, the house located at 56 Bull Street in Charleston, South Carolina is almost certainly not the house once inhabited by black abolitionist Denmark Vesey. Veseys rented home, owned first by attorney George Cross and later by white carpenter Benjamin Ireland, listed as 20 Bull Street under the citys former numbering system, is now evidently gone. A nearby home, most likely built in the 1830s or 1840s and currently numbered 56 Bull Street, was thought in the 1970s to have been the home of Denmark Vesey, and it was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1976 by the Department of Interior.</p><br>
<p>But in 1980, state archivist Wylma Wates found evidence to suggest Vesey&#39;s rented house had been four or five houses east of the so-called "Vesey house." Architectural historian Edward Turberg confirmed that the house in question is not only in the wrong place but was "constructed after 1830 and before 1850." Since Vesey was hanged in 1822, he died roughly ten years before the house was built. Despite these findings, the house has continued to be listed as a National Historic Landmark and is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house described as the Vesey house is a single story wood frame structure, oriented sideways to the street. The narrow street facade has two windows, while the longer west side has a porch extending across the front portion, with a wider addition to the back. Two doors enter the house from the porch. The interior of the front portion has three rooms, one beside the other, and the rear addition has four more.</p><br>
<p>Hibernian Hall is a historic meeting hall and social venue at 105 Meeting Street in Charleston, South Carolina, United States. Built in 1840, it is Charleston&#39;s only architectural work by Thomas Ustick Walter, and a fine example of Greek Revival architecture. It is nationally significant for its use during the 1860 Charleston Convention, in which the Democratic Party, divided by opinions on slavery, failed to select a presidential nominee, ensuring victory for the anti-slavery Republican Party in the 1860 presidential election. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973. The building continues to be used as a function and meeting space today.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Hibernian Hall is located at 105 Meeting Street, just north of the intersection of Meeting and Broad Street in central Charleston, an intersection known as the "Four Corners of Law". It is a two story brick structure, its exterior clad in stucco and painted white. It has a classical Greek temple front, with six Ionic columns, supporting a full frieze and gabled pediment. The pediment is modillioned and dentillated, with a round window at the center. Its styling, originally Ionic like the columns, is now Corinthian, the result of alterations after the building was damaged in the 1886 Charleston earthquake. The building corners are pilastered.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1840 to a design by Thomas U. Walter of Philadelphia, for the Hibernian Society of Charleston, an Irish benevolent society. It is the only known work of Walters in Charleston. The hall is also the only remaining building associated with the 1860 Democratic National Convention, one of the most critical political gatherings in United States history. The building served as convention headquarters for the faction of the Democratic Party supporting presidential candidate Stephen A. Douglas. The first floor was used as a meeting space, and the second floor as living quarters for the delegates, who slept on hundreds of cots set up for the occasion. No one Democratic candidate could garner sufficient support, and the partys divisiveness led to the election of the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln.</p><br>
<p>Christopher Werner crafted its iron gates.</p><br>
<p>McLeod Plantation is located at 325 Country Club Drive on James Island, South Carolina, near the intersection of Folly and Maybank Roads. Situated at Wappoo Creek which flows into the Ashley River, historic events have been recorded throughout the period from 1678 when it first appeared on maps under "Morris." The plantation house standing on the land today was constructed in about 1858 in the Georgian style. Also on the property are six clapboard slave cabins, a detached kitchen, a dairy building, a pre-war gin house for long-staple cotton, a barn, and a carriage house. The plantation is an important Gullah heritage site preserved in recognition of its cultural and historical significance.</p><br>
<p>In 1780 in the American War of Independence General Sir Henry Clinton used the original house as his headquarters while planning the siege of Charleston. The plantation was occupied by Confederate forces during most of the Civil War, and the home also served as a hospital. After the evacuation of Charleston in early 1865, it was occupied by the 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiments, which were African American soldiers. Later, the home was occupied as offices by the Freedmens Bureau, and at one point, nearly newly freed slaves camped out on the plantations lands. In 1926, The front and rear of the house were reversed, and the front facade was altered.</p><br>
<p>The South Carolina Department of Archives and History has additional information and photographs. The plantation was named one of the African American Historic Places in South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The home was occupied by the McLeod family until 1990, and a share was given to the Historic Charleston Foundation who proceeded to consolidate shareholders. It was sold to the American College of the Building Arts (ACBA) in 2004. Unable to support the development of their school and the plantation, ACBA returned it to Historic Charleston in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>McLeod Plantation Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>In 2011, Historic Charleston Foundation sold McLeod Plantation to the Charleston County Park and Recreation Commission, thereby ensuring the buildings will be restored and protected under public ownership. The McLeod Plantation Historic Site opened to the public on April 25, 2015. The site part of the federally recognized Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor in South Carolina. The corridor stretches along the coast from Wilmington, North Carolina, to Jacksonville, Florida, with South Carolina representing most of the area. Enslaved people that survived the Middle Passage, mostly from west and central Africa, were forced to labor on rice, indigo and cotton plantations like McLeod. From various ethnic and cultural groups, these men, women, and children developed the creole Gullah/Geechee culture and language with its many African retentions.</p><br>
<p>Old Black is a mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains, located in the Southeastern United States. While often overshadowed by Mount Guyot, its higher neighbor to the south, Old Black is the 4th-highest mountain in</p><br>
<p>Tennessee and the 7th-highest in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The Appalachian Trail crosses its western slope, connecting the Cosby-area trail system with the heart of the Eastern Smokies.</p><br>
<p>Like much of the Smokies crest, Old Black lies along the border between Tennessee and North Carolina, with Cocke County and Sevier County to the west and Haywood County to the east. The mountain rises</p><br>
<p>4,400 ft above its northwestern base near Rocky Grove and 3,300 ft above its southeastern base near Walnut Bottom. Old Black is part of the Guyot massif, which extends deep into the interior of the Smokies. A ridge known as Pinnacle Lead intersects this massif&mdash; which comprises the eastern section of the crest of the Smokies&mdash; on the western slope of Old Black, giving Old Black a triangular shape similar to that of Tricorner Knob to the south.</p><br>
<p>Old Black gets its name from the dense Southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest that coats its higher elevations. From afar, this forest takes on a dark green character, especially in cooler months when contrasted with the brown hardwood forest in lower elevations. This forest also adds to Old Black&#39;s blunt appearance&mdash; that of a low pyramid with a wide base.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Old Black comprises Thunderhead sandstone, a type of Precambrian metamorphic rock common throughout the Smokies.</p><br>
<p>The rock is part of the Ocoee Supergroup, which was formed from ocean sediments nearly a billion years ago. The mountain was created over 200 million years ago during the Appalachian orogeny, when the North American and African plates collided, thrusting the rock upward.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Arnold Guyot first measured the elevation of Old Black on his survey of the crest of the Smokies in the late 1850s. Guyot measured the mountain&#39;s elevation at 6,373 ft, missing the modern measurement by just three feet. While Guyot initially named the mountain "Mount Henry" after the director of the Smithsonian Institution, "Old Black" was the name that stuck.</p><br>
<p>Laura Thornborough, a writer who made several excursions to the area in the 1930s, recalled the thick spruce forest that dominates in the Eastern Smokies:</p><br>
<p>As the A.T. swings around the Tennessee side of Guyot, it passes through what is believed to be the densest stand of spruce and balsam in the Great Smokies.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, an F-4 Phantom fighter plane crashed into the ridge between Inadu Knob and Old Black. Some of the wreckage from this crash remains scattered about the area, with a number of fragments located in an area along the Appalachian Trail about a quarter-mile west of the trail&#39;s junction with the Snake Den Ridge Trail. A short spur trail winds through the wreckage.</p><br>
<p>In 1935, the CCC constructed a segment of the Appalachian Trail across the western slope of Old Black.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Like most of the key peaks of the Eastern Smokies, Old Black can only be reached via a lengthy hike. The mountain is just over six miles (10 km) from the nearest parking lot at the Cosby Campground. The quickest route involves following the Snake Den Ridge Trail out of Cosby (the trailhead is behind Campsite B51) for 5.3 mi to the Appalachian Trail junction at Inadu Knob. From this junction, Old Black is nearly a mile to the northwest. The trail comes to within less than a 10th of a mile from the summit, but the thickness of the forest atop the mountain will considerably slow any bushwhack attempt, and make off-trail navigation difficult.</p><br>
<p>As the Appalachian Trail crosses Old Blacks western slope, various clearings allow for spectacular views of Cocke County and Sevier County, Tennessee to the north and northwest. Along the mountains northeast slope, near a clearing used for a high-altitude helicopter landing pad, much of the Eastern Smokies and the Balsam Mountains can be seen, including Mount Sterling and Luftee Knob. Some of the finest views of Mount Guyot can be seen from this point.</p><br>
<p>Mount Guyot is a mountain in the eastern Great Smoky Mountains, located in</p><br>
<p>the southeastern United States. At 6,621 ft above sea level, Guyot is the fourth-highest</p><br>
<p>summit in the eastern USA, and the second-highest in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. While the mountain is remote, the Appalachian Trail crosses its south slope,</p><br>
<p>passing to within 1,000 ft of the summit.</p><br>
<p>Mount Guyot lies on the Tennessee-North Carolina border, between Sevier County and</p><br>
<p>Haywood County. There are two peaks atop the mountain, appx. one-half mile apart,</p><br>
<p>with the southwestern peak being the true summit. The mountain rises 3,600 ft above its</p><br>
<p>eastern base near Walnut Bottom and 4,000 ft above its western base near Greenbrier Cove. Ramsey Cascades, one of the parks most spectacular waterfalls, spills down a sandstone cliff near the bottom of Guyots western</p><br>
<p>slope.</p><br>
<p>A dense stand of Southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest coats the summit and upper slopes of Guyot. Human settlement never expanded deep into the eastern Smokies, so the area around Guyot and adjacent peaks suffered substantially less disturbance than the mountains in the western or central parts of the range. A long hike and a challenging bushwhack are required to reach the summit, the highest in the East without a trail.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Guyot is composed of Precambrian rocks of the Ocoee Supergroup, formed</p><br>
<p>from ocean sediments approximately one billion years ago.Harry Moore, A Roadside Guide to the Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Knoxville: University of Tennessee</p><br>
<p>Press, 1988), 32. The mountain is underlain by</p><br>
<p>Thunderhead sandstone, which is common throughout the Smokies. The Thunderhead sandstone</p><br>
<p>was thrust over Roaring Fork sandstone several hundred million years ago. Mt. Guyot itself</p><br>
<p>was formed during the Appalachian orogeny over 200 million years ago, when the North American and African plates collided, thrusting the rock upward.Harry Moore,</p><br>
<p>A Roadside Guide to the Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Knoxville:</p><br>
<p>University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 23-27.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mount Guyot was named in honor of Swiss geographer Arnold Guyot by Guyot&#39;s friend, Samuel</p><br>
<p>Buckley. Buckley was a naturalist who accompanied Thomas Lanier Clingman on a survey</p><br>
<p>expedition to the crest of the Smokies in 1858.Michael Frome, Strangers In High Places: The Story of the Great Smoky Mountains (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994),</p><br>
<p>103-104. While Buckley&#39;s measurements were often wildly inaccurate, Guyot himself</p><br>
<p>conducted an expedition the following year, recording more accurate elevations and giving</p><br>
<p>preliminary names to various peaks along the crest.Michael Frome, Strangers In High Places: The Story of the Great Smoky Mountains (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press,</p><br>
<p>1994), 101. Guyot measured the elevation of Mt. Guyot at 6,636 ft, missing the modern</p><br>
<p>measurement by just 15 ft.</p><br>
<p>Regarding the Eastern Smokies, surveyors and authors alike agreed on one</p><br>
<p>thing: the region was very remote and isolated. Guyot himself said of the area, "neither the</p><br>
<p>white man or the Indian hunter venture in this wilderness."Daniel Pierce, The Great Smokies: From Natural Habitat to National Park (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press,</p><br>
<p>2000), 19. For Horace Kephart, who wrote extensively on the Smoky Mountains in the</p><br>
<p>early 1900s, Mt. Guyot was the climax of a dense, virtually-insurmountable wilderness:</p><br>
<p>The most rugged and difficult part of the Smokies (and of the United States east of Colorado) is in the sawtooth mountains between Collins and Guyot, at the headwaters of the Okona Lufty River. I know but few men who have ever followed this part of the divide...</p><br>
<p>Kephart goes on to relate the account of James Ferris and his wife, two naturalists who</p><br>
<p>bushwhacked their way across the crest of the Smokies to Mt. Guyot in 1900. According to Mrs.</p><br>
<p>Ferris:</p><br>
<p>The Tennesseeans seem afraid of the mountains, and the Cherokees of North Carolina equally so; for, two miles (3 km) from camp, all traces of man, except surveyors&#39; marks, had</p><br>
<p>disappeared.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Guyot remained isolated until the CCC constructed a segment of the Appalachian Trail across the mountain&#39;s western slope in 1935. Although the trail opened up the heart of the Eastern Smokies to backpackers, access remained relatively difficult. According to author Laura Thornborough, who climbed Guyot in the late 1930s:</p><br>
<p>My first of three trips to the top of Mt. Guyot remains sharply etched in my memory. It was the hardest, roughest and most exhausting of all the trips I have ever made in the Great Smokies.</p><br>
<p>Thornborough followed the route out of Greenbrier that ascends Guyot&#39;s western slope. She recalled that "there was no trail to Guyot, not even a dim one, but our guides knew the way." The party followed Ramsay Prong until it became "a mere trickle of water," and emerged near modern-day Guyot Spring. From the state line, they found a "dim trail" leading to the summit. Thornborough concluded her report by saying, "if it is wilderness you want, then go to Guyot."</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail and the Balsam Mountain Trail intersect just south of Guyot</p><br>
<p>at Tricorner Knob. They are the only maintained trails to traverse the mountain.</p><br>
<p>From the Cosby Campground (specifically behind Campsite B51), the Snake Den Ridge Trail</p><br>
<p>winds 5.3 mi to its intersection with the Appalachian Trail at Inadu Knob. From this</p><br>
<p>intersection, it is approximately 2 mi to Guyot Spring, on Mt. Guyot&#39;s west slope.</p><br>
<p>A 15 mi section of the Appalachian Trail stretches from Newfound Gap to Tricorner Knob,</p><br>
<p>near Guyot&#39;s south slope. The Appalachian-Balsam Trail intersection is approximately 13 mi from Balsam Mountain Road, a gravel road</p><br>
<p>that begins near Cherokee, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>While the summit is less than a half-mile from the Appalachian Trail, the thick forest makes any bushwhack a challenge. A faint manway rises from Guyot Spring to the northern summit, although the manway is heavily overgrown. Dead fraser fir blowdowns and low visibility complicate navigation from any direction.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Grand Forks is the original commercial center of Grand Forks, North Dakota. Located on the western bank of the Red River of the North, the downtown neighborhood is situated near the fork of the Red River and the Red Lake River. While downtown is no longer the dominant commercial area of the Greater Grand Forks community, it remains the historic center of Grand Forks. An 80.4 acre portion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005, as Downtown Grand Forks Historic District. Today, downtown Grand Forks is home to many offices, stores, restaurants, and bars.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Grand Forks was first settled in 1870. In 1872, seven pioneers staked claims to land on the Red River. The 9 acre piece of land that would become downtown Grand Forks was first platted by Grand Forks&#39; "founding father", Alexander Griggs, and his wife Etta, in 1875. This was done in anticipation of the Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad (later the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway and eventually the Great Northern Railway). A collection of wood-frame buildings quickly sprouted up and, by 1880, the new city was home to 1,705 residents. The city was incorporated on February 22, 1881.</p><br>
<p>The coming of the Saint Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railway in 1880 led to dramatic growth. New multiple-story brick buildings replaced the old wood structures. The Hotel Dacotah, the St. John&#39;s Block, and the Security Building - all five stories - were witness to the fact that the city was prospering and that downtown Grand Forks was becoming one of the busiest commercial districts in the region. By the dawn of the 20th century, downtown Grand Forks had become the commercial, transportation, health care, entertainment, and cultural center of the region and boasted many amenities.</p><br>
<h3>The 20th Century</h3><br>
<p>Throughout the early and mid parts of the 20th Century, downtown Grand Forks was easily the dominant commercial neighborhood in Grand Forks. In the later part of the century, the coming of the Interstate Highway System, urban renewal, and new commercial developments on the outskirts of the city signaled the start of a period of decline for downtown. Major shopping malls (South Forks Plaza in 1964 and Columbia Mall in 1978) relocated much of the commercial activity which had once been centered downtown. Over time, institutions which had once been a major part of downtown - the city&#39;s hospitals, post office, and public library - were replaced with new facilities outside of downtown.</p><br>
<p>A major downtown urban renewal project during the 1960s and 1970s saw the destruction of whole downtown blocks in favor of new office building, a city auditorium, and a new street overpass spanning the Grand Forks rail yards. Built in large part as a response to the new shopping malls in Grand Forks, the City Center Mall saw the blocking off of one whole block of South Third Street to vehicular traffic. A roof was built over the street and the entire one-block section became an indoor shopping center. The City Center mall was, in large part, a failure. The 1980s and 1990s saw little development taking place downtown. Indeed, several major businesses such as Griffiths Department Store, Norbys Department Store, and Silverman&#39;s clothing store either moved elsewhere within the city or shuttered their doors forever.</p><br>
<h3>Flood of 1997</h3><br>
<p>The Red River Flood of 1997 devastated downtown Grand Forks. The entire district was inundated with several feet of water and a major fire destroyed eleven historic buildings. An iconic image of the flood was the flooded and charred shell of the old five-story Security Building on North Third Street.</p><br>
<p>After the flood, a renewed effort was put into revitalizing downtown. A new Grand Forks Corporate Center was built in the center of downtown to replace office space which had been destroyed by the flood and fire. Remodeling of the old Empire Theater, which had been started before the flood, was completed and the building became known as the Empire Arts Center. The roof of the City Center Mall was removed and historic storefronts were once again visible. Other building projects following the flood included a new office building for the Grand Forks Herald, a new office building for Grand Forks County, a new "Town Square" community plaza, and the remodeling of countless downtown properties including the Metropolitan Opera House and the former First National Bank (now Alerus Financial) building.</p><br>
<h3>Historic district</h3><br>
<p>The Downtown Grand Forks Historic District is a 80.4 acre historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. The area is also known as the Grand Forks Original Townsite and as the Central Business District.</p><br>
<p>The National Register nomination includes some significant dates:</p><br>
<p>1872, when settlers staked claims on the Red River</p><br>
<p>1875, when the town was platted</p><br>
<p>1880, when the Saint Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railway reached the city and was constructed through the center of downtown</p><br>
<p>1885, when a branch line of the Northern Pacific Railway reached the town</p><br>
<p>1997, when the Red River flood covered all of downtown, and the resulting flood and fire damage brought significant destruction and then reconstruction</p><br>
<p>Architects who designed buildings in the area include Buechner & Orth, Joseph Bell DeRemer, Cass Gilbert, Theodore B. Wells, and others.</p><br>
<p>When listed, the district included 42 contributing buildings, four contributing structures, and 15 non-contributing buildings. The area was surveyed in a 1981 study of Downtown Grand Forks historical resources.</p><br>
<h3>Downtown today</h3><br>
<p>In recent years, a number of new stores and restaurants have opened up downtown:</p><br>
<p>Brothers Firearms - Gun Shop</p><br>
<p>Half Brothers Brewery - Brew Pub</p><br>
<p>Now or Never - Nutrition Place</p><br>
<p>Rhombus Guys Brewery - Brew Pub</p><br>
<p>Sky&#39;s - Resterant and Lounge</p><br>
<p>Tea & Crepes - Crepe and Ice cream place</p><br>
<p>The city has recently been encouraging the construction of new apartments and condos in the downtown area. Several new and remodeled buildings offer upscale housing in stand-alone buildings or above businesses for varying prices.</p><br>
<p>Also, a is held every Saturday (9AM to 2PM) from mid-June to mid-September in the Town Square on the corner of 3rd Street S. and DeMers Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Each June, the downtown area and the neighboring Greater Grand Forks Greenway play host to the Grand Cities Art Fest.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Central High School</p><br>
<p>Grand Forks Herald</p><br>
<p>Metropolitan Opera House</p><br>
<p>The Argentine Sea  is the sea within the continental shelf off the Argentine mainland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Argentine Sea is located in the South Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern coast of Argentina, extending from the approximate latitude of Montevideo, Uruguay, southward to Tierra del Fuego, and is situated about north of Antarctica. The Argentine Sea has a surface area of and is one of the largest seas in the world. The average depth of the sea is and the maximum depth is. It has a salinity of 3.5%.</p><br>
<p>The Argentine Sea progressively widens going southward, in contrast with the narrowing of the continental mass. The sea platform has a series of plateaus which descend to the east as large terraces or steps. Because of its stair-shaped plateaus, the Argentine Sea is similar morphologically to the Extra-Andean Patagonia. The Falkland Islands are also located within the continental shelf of the Argentine Sea.</p><br>
<h3>Territorial claims</h3><br>
<p>According to the law 23968, the territorial waters of Argentina extend 12 nmi from the line from the gulfs of San Matías and San Jorge to the outer limits of the River Plate. The contiguous zone extends 12 nautical miles after the territorial waters, and the exclusive economic zone 200 nmi from it. The continental shelf extends to either the limits of the exclusive economic zone or the shelf slope. Argentina has signed and ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.</p><br>
<p>The exclusive economic zone claimed by Argentina overlap with claims maintained by the United Kingdom on behalf of the Falkland Islands and similar claims around South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The UK&#39;s Falkland Islands claim boundary starts from the midpoint between Argentina and the Islands to the West and stretches 200 nautical miles in other directions with similar claims around the other British Overseas Territories.</p><br>
<p>Argentina announced its claim without consultation with the United Kingdom and despite the fact that the United Kingdom has administered the area, for the most part peacefully, for over 180 years. In the years 1990 to 2005 fishing and mineral resources in the area were administered by joint commissions between Argentina and the United Kingdom, Argentina unilaterally withdrew from these organisations in 2005 to pursue a more aggressive stance in its claim to the Falkland Islands. At any one time Argentina usually has a single vessel patrolling the undisputed area of its claim, the vessels do not enter the exclusive economic zone of the United Kingdom although there have been reports of Argentine warships threatening vessels on the Falkland side of the border by radio.</p><br>
<p>Under the terms of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Article 59 disputed and overlapping claims have no legal force until the dispute is resolved between the opposing parties.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>The Argentine sea is one of the most temperate seas of the world. It receives the cold Falkland Current from the south, which comes from the Antarctic, and the warm Brazil Current from the north.</p><br>
<p>The Argentine sea has twelve areas identified as places of great biodiversity. There are two international protected areas, one national, and eighteen provincial ones.</p><br>
<p>The Argentine sea has plankton, algae, crustaceans, sardines and anchovies. Those feed the more advanced fauna such as penguins, cormorants, sharks, whales, dolphins, Burmeister&#39;s porpoise, fur seals, sea lions, and southern elephant seals.</p><br>
<p>Krzeszów Abbey, formerly known as Grüssau Abbey  refers to a historical Cistercian monastery in Grüssau, Lower Silesia, after 1945 Krzeszów, Poland. The name Grüssau Abbey, founded in 1947, refers to a house of the Benedictine Order in the town of Bad Wimpfen in Baden-Württemberg, where the German Grüssau  community found refuge, after their "Kloster Grüssau" was taken over by Poland.</p><br>
<p>Kloster Grüssau (Abbey), a 1242 Benedictine foundation, from 1289 to 1810 was run by Cistercians, until it was secularized by the Prussian state. Since 1919, Kloster Grüssau was again run by Benedictines, exiles from Prague. The new location in post-war West Germany was referred to as Grüssau Abbey or Grüssau-Wimpfen. The site of the abbey in Krzeszów then became known as Krzeszów Abbey.</p><br>
<p>The original abbey is now one of Poland&#39;s official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated May 1, 2004, and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Silesia</h3><br>
<p>On 8 May 1242, the monastery at Grüssau in Lower Silesia was founded by Anna of Bohemia, widow of the Piast Duke Henry II the Pious, who had been killed at the Battle of Legnica. It was settled with Benedictine monks descending from the abbey of Opatovice in Bohemia. In 1289 Annas grandson Duke Bolko I of Świdnica again acquired the abbeys lands and gave them to the Cistercians at Heinrichau (Henryków), who consecrated the new Assumption of Mary Monastery Church in 1292. In 1392 the Silesian Duchy of Schweidnitz/Świdnica was incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia, an electorate of H.R.E. Germany.</p><br>
<p>Grüssau Abbey was destroyed during the Hussite Wars and again during the Thirty Years&#39; War, and rebuilt on both occasions. It was particularly connected with the Silesian mystic Angelus Silesius. From 1728 on the abbey church was rebuilt in a Baroque style, including several sculptures by Ferdinand Brokoff as well as paintings by Petr Brandl and Michael Willmann. With most of Silesia, Grüssau was conquered by King Frederick II of Prussia in 1742 and finally secularised in 1810 during the Napoleonic Wars. The church became a parish church and the remaining premises were used for various governmental purposes within the Prussian Province of Silesia.</p><br>
<p>When after World War I the German monks of the Prague Emaus Abbey in Czechoslovakia were obliged to leave the city, they resettled in 1919 in the empty monastery buildings at Grüssau, then part of Weimar Germany. It was again raised to an abbey by Pope Pius XI in 1924, the monastery was however suspended by the Nazi government in 1940 and the buildings seized as a detention camp. During the bombing of Berlin from 1942 on, large parts of the Berlin State Library collection were outhoused at Grüssau Abbey.</p><br>
<p>The territory was placed under Polish administration according to the 1945 Potsdam Agreement. Although the monastery was returned to the monks after the end of World War II, as ethnic Germans they were expelled from Silesia by the Polish government shortly afterwards on 12 May 1946. In 1946 a mysterious convoy called at the monastery and loaded thousands of manuscripts &mdash; autographed scores of Mozart (¼ of his known music), Beethoven, Bach and other composers &mdash; and disappeared. Several volumes were restored to East Germany in 1965, the remaining Berlinka collection at the Cracow Jagiellonian University and its status as "looted art" is still a matter of dispute.</p><br>
<p>In 1947 Krzeszów Abbey was resettled by Polish Benedictine nuns expelled from Lviv (Lwów).</p><br>
<h3>Baden-Württemberg</h3><br>
<p>In 1947 the expelled community under Abbot Albert Schmitt purchased the former Ritterstift (collegiate foundation or canonry) around the Gothic monastery church of Saint Peter in Bad Wimpfen, that had been abandoned since its secularisation in 1803, and became known as Kloster Bad Wimpfen. The last abbot, Laurentius Hoheisel, resigned in 1997. As the membership of the community had declined too far for it to be legally independent, it has been directed since 2001 by the abbot of Neuburg Abbey near Heidelberg.</p><br>
<p>By the autumn of 2006 no monks remained, the last having moved to Neuburg, although Kloster Bad Wimpfen still remains nominally a Benedictine monastery and is still a member of the Beuron Congregation within the Benedictine Confederation. A small community (consisting at the end of 2006 of a priest and a layman) maintain the facilities as a Benedictine guest house and venue for retreats, under the management of Neuburg Abbey.</p><br>
<p>Valle de los Ingenios, also named Valley de los Ingenios or Valley of the Sugar Mills, is a series of three interconnected valleys about 12 km outside of Trinidad, Cuba. The three valleys, San Luis, Santa Rosa, and Meyer, were a centre for sugar production from the late 18th century until the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>At the peak of the industry in Cuba there were over fifty sugar cane mills in operation in the three valleys, with over 30,000 slaves working in the mills and on the sugar cane plantations that surrounded them.</p><br>
<p>The entire area covers 270 km&sup2; and includes the sites of over 70 former sugar mills.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Sugar production was an important industry for Cuba from the earliest settlement by the Spanish, who introduced sugar cane to the island in 1512, and trade in the commodity enriched Trinidad and the surrounding areas. The island became the world&#39;s foremost producer of sugar during the late 18th and 19th centuries, when sugar production was the main industry. The climate and soil were perfect for the cultivation of sugar cane, and good ports and interior connections facilitated transport and exportation of the refined sugar. To prevent the sugar from spoiling, rapid transport was necessary, and to this end a special railway line was laid down through the valley in the late 1880s, connecting the Valle de los Ingenios with Trinidad and the port at Casilda, 6 km from Trinidad, on the coast. The valleys are provided with water by several rivers, among them Rio Agabama, Rio Caracusey, Rio de Ay, and Rio Tayaba.</p><br>
<p>Due to the virtual extinction of the native Cubans through contact with diseases brought by the European settlers and attrition though their poor treatment as slaves, it was necessary for the Spanish plantation owners to import slaves from Africa to work in the sugar cane fields and in the mills. The abolition of slavery by the Spanish in 1820 made the practice of importing slaves more difficult; but it was not until the Wars of Independence in the 19th century that the economic dominance of the area came to an end, as many of the sugar mills were abandoned or became run down.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, Valle de los Ingenios and neighbouring Trinidad were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Although most of the sugar mills are in ruins, intact structures endure at some sites, including Guachinango, where the plantation house remains, and the plantation of Manaca Iznaga, where the owner&#39;s house, a tower and some barracones, the original slave quarters, still stand. Although the barracones are now used as housing and are in poor repair, the house (which has been converted into a restaurant) and the "Iznaga Tower" are well maintained.</p><br>
<p>The 45 metre (147 ft) tower was constructed sometime in 1816 by the owner, Alejo Maria Iznaga y Borrell. According to experts, the bell that formerly hung on top of the tower announced the beginning and the end of the work day for the slaves, as well as the times for prayers to the Holy Virgin in the morning, midday, and afternoon. It was also used to sound an alarm in case of fire or slave escape. The height and magnificence of the tower served to display Iznagas power over his slaves and his stature in the sugar industry and local society; at one time it was the tallest structure in Cuba. A recognised landmark of the region, the Iznaga Tower testifies to the areas flourishing material culture in the Spanish colonial period.</p><br>
<p>The large bell now rests at the foot of the tower.</p><br>
<p>Mount Wakakusa, also known as Mount Mikasa , is a 342 m mountain located in Nara, Nara Prefecture, Japan, to the east of Nara Park. The mountain&#39;s name literally translates to "young grass".</p><br>
<p>On the fourth Saturday of each January, the dead grass of Mount Wakakusa is burned in an annual festival known as Yamayaki (山焼き literally "mountain roast&quot common translation: "prescribed burn"). The tradition supposedly originated from a boundary dispute between two temples, Tōdai-ji and Kōfuku-ji in 1760. As the mediations failed, the entire mountain was set ablaze. Other explanations suggest the extermination of wild boars or pests as a result. The festival today begins with a ceremonial igniting by members of both temples, followed by a fireworks display. The festival has been postponed due to poor weather in the past.</p><br>
<p>Vihorlat Mountains  or colloquially Vihorlat is a volcanic mountain range in eastern Slovakia and western Ukraine. A part of the range is listed as a World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name is of Slavic origin. Jozef Martinka suggested the origin in Ruthenian vyharj/vyhar (Slovak: výhor) - a burned forest with a groupping suffix -ať. Vygarljať, Vyhorljať - a mountain with many burned places. The Hungarian name Vihorlát derives from Slovak as an intermmediate language.</p><br>
<h2>Vihorlat Mountains in Slovakia</h2><br>
<p>The Slovak part is 55 km long, up to 11 km broad and from 400 to 1,076 m high. It belongs to the Vihorlat-Gutin Area group of the Inner Eastern Carpathian Mountains. The middle part of the mountains is protected by the Vihorlat Protected Landscape Area.</p><br>
<p>Vihorlat is bordered by the Eastern Slovak Lowland (Východoslovenská nížina) in the south and the west. The Beskidian Piedmont (Beskydské predhorie) separates Vihorlat from the Bukovské vrchy mountains and Laborecká vrchovina highlands in the north. The highest peak is Vihorlat at 1,076 m AMSL. The largest lake in the mountain range is Morské oko, which is situated at 618 m AMSL.</p><br>
<h2>World Heritage Site</h2><br>
<p>Kyjovský prales, a primeval beech forest in Vihorlat Mountains, was proclaimed by UNESCO to be a World Heritage Site on June 28, 2007 because of its comprehensive and undisturbed ecological patterns and processes.</p><br>
<p>The Commodore Apartment Building, also called Commodore Apartments, is a luxury condominium complex located in Louisville, Kentucky&#39;s Bonnycastle neighborhood. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 11-story 120 ft high rise Commodore Apartment Building was opened in 1929 and designed by the architectural firm of Joseph & Joseph in 1928. The architects designed four other buildings in the Louisville area including the Republic Building (1916) and the Elsby (1918) in New Albany, Indiana. The building is located near Cherokee Park.</p><br>
<p>The building is built on land that was once owned by Isaac Everett, one of the founders of the Galt House. Everett purchased about 150 acre of land for $25,000 dollars (USD). The land then was used to build himself a mansion. The estate passed down to his daughter Harriet, who later married and became Harriet Bonnycastle. Which after he husband&#39;s death donated land to Louisville to build Cherokee Park to spur future developments in 1891. Harriet would sell parcels of land for over the next twenty years and eventually in the late 1920s the Commodore Apartments went up.</p><br>
<p>After surviving the Great Depression, and continuing as a luxury apartment building, it was sold for $650,000 and restored for another $125,000 in 1978 by Louisville native, actor and entrepreneur Roger Davis. Davis sold the Commodore in 1980 for $1,000,000 to Jack MacDonald of Acre Realty, Chicago which converted the Commodore from an apartment building to a condominium complex of 59 units.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 29, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Briones Reservoir is an open cut terminal water storage reservoir located in western Contra Costa County, in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, California.</p><br>
<p>It is owned and operated by the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir is in the Briones Hills, on the west side of Briones Regional Park and northeast of Orinda. It is impounded by Briones Dam, an earthen dam completed in 1964. The reservoir is the largest of EBMUD’s five East Bay terminal reservoirs, with a total capacity of 60,510 acre.ft, and it has a total watershed of 8.59 square miles (22 km²).</p><br>
<h2>Water Source</h2><br>
<p>The Briones Reservoir has two sources for its water, one local and one imported.</p><br>
<p>Its watershed of 22 km² includes the Bear Creek drainage. Bear Creek formerly flowed down the valley, which the reservoir partially submerges, and still enters from the eastern section.</p><br>
<p>The major water source into the Briones Reservoir is imported from the Briones Diversion Works near Orinda. It is delivered through the Briones Aqueduct, a 7-foot, 6-inch steel pipe, operated by four pumps that can deliver up to 60 million gallons a day. This is water imported from EDMUD’s biggest water source, the Mokelumne River in the San Joaquin Valley.</p><br>
<p>Water then leaves Briones Reservoir and flows to the lower part of the valley and into San Pablo Reservoir. From there, the water is distributed by a pumping plant in Kensington.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Because the water in the reservoir is mainly for human potable water uses, EBMUD is very strict about recreational activities. Fishing, swimming, and wading are not allowed. However, college rowing teams from Mills College, UC Berkeley and Saint Mary&#39;s College have permission to use the lake under certain rules, such as all boats have to be inspected before they are allowed to be used on the lake to prevent contamination.</p><br>
<p>Two trails, the Bear Creek Trail and the Oursan Trail, together form a 14-mile (23 km) hiking trail loop that circumnavigates the reservoir. The trailhead is at the Bear Creek Staging Area, which is within Briones Regional Park. A Trail Use Permit issued by EBMUD is required for all hikers, which can be obtained online at the EBMUD website for $10. No mountain biking is permitted on the trail. Horseback riding is allowed. Dogs are allowed on the Oursan Trail segment only, and must be leashed.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>Pioneer Hall is the oldest building at Linfield College in McMinnville, Oregon, United States. Opened in 1883, the four-story Italianate structure formerly housed the entire school. Constructed of red bricks and topped with a belfry, the structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 as Pioneer Hall, Linfield College. Part of the hall serves as residences and part as classrooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1879, what was then known as McMinnville University began plans to construct a new building to house the school. After a professor, W. S. White, drafted plans for the building that year, the school waited until 1882 to begin construction. That year the cornerstone was laid where the cabin of the Cozine family once stood until they donated 20 acre to the school the prior year. The building was dedicated June 12, 1883, and at that time housed the entire college.</p><br>
<p>In November 1907, landscape architect John Charles Olmsted visited the campus to advise the school on the design of the campus. At the time Pioneer Hall was the only hall on campus and a wooden gymnasium was the only other building. Olmstead described Pioneer Hall as ugly, and the other building as cheap. In 1922, the school became Linfield College. In 1929, the building was renamed as Pioneer Hall in honor of the pioneers of the school.</p><br>
<p>Pioneer Hall was then remodeled in 1946. On February 23, 1978, the structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Pioneer Hall also used to house the Linfield College radio station, KSLC 90.3 FM, until 2007 when it moved into Renshaw Hall. The radio station - as KLIN AM - was also housed in the music and art building (old Frerichs Hall) which burned down in 1969, while the transmitter remained in Pioneer.</p><br>
<p>On January 8, 2008, the nearby Old Oak tree estimated at 250 years old fell down. As of 2008, the building is used for a variety of uses. It is a 47-person residence hall on the upper floors, while the lower floors are home to the departments of Psychology, History, and Political Science.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Atop the hall is a square belfry, which is topped by a dome and spire. The architectural style of the brick structure is Italian Bracketed. Pioneer Hall is a mixture of the cruciform plan and Italianate style. W. S. White designed the four-story building which has three above-ground stories atop a stone basement.</p><br>
<p>The Mother Mosque of America, once known as The Rose of Fraternity Lodge and also known as Moslem Temple, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States, is the Second longest standing mosque in North America. Built in 1934, it is the second oldest after the Al-Sadiq mosque built in Bronzeville, Chicago, which was built in 1922 by the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam. However, that mosque was torn down in the 1970s and later rebuilt leaving the Mother Mosque as the second oldest standing. It is also slightly older than the Al-Rashid Mosque in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mosque was built by a local community of immigrants and their descendants from what is now Lebanon and Syria. Construction was completed February 15, 1934. The small structure served as a place of worship for Muslims for nearly 40 years. When a larger local mosque, the “Islamic Center of Cedar Rapids”, was built in 1971, the building was sold. Successive owners over the next 20 years allowed it to fall into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>In 1991 the Islamic Council of Iowa purchased the building, refurbished it and restored its status as a Muslim cultural center. The effort was mainly organized by the local Muslim community led by Imam Taha Tawil and Dr. Thomas B. Irving.</p><br>
<p>The Mother Mosque stands in a quiet neighborhood, flanked by houses on both sides, with a small marker off of First Avenue pointing the way to this historical site. Due to its small size, the majority of the Muslim population in Eastern Iowa and the Cedar Rapids area worship at other mosques, but the Mother Mosque remains a prominent center for information, prayer and community.</p><br>
<p>The Mother Mosque is listed on both the Iowa State Historical Register and the National Register of Historic Places as an "essential piece of American religious history, which symbolizes tolerance and acceptance of Islam and Muslims in the United States." It was listed on the National Register in 1996 as Moslem Temple.</p><br>
<p>Floods in June 2008 filled the mosque&#39;s basement, destroying the extensive collection of books and archival records stored therein.</p><br>
<p>The Mission Church was a historic Congregational church located at the corner of Huron and Tuscott Streets on Mackinac Island, Michigan, United States. Built in 1829, it was the oldest surviving church in the state of Michigan.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, the Mission Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Sainte Anne Church (Mackinac Island) was built before this, as the island had a historic French and Metis population before Anglo-American settlement. Its original building was replaced by a new structure in 1874, which was still used.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mission Church was constructed in the New England Colonial church style. The base construction was of heavy timber, and the interior was plastered. The front facade had a double-door center entrance, and boasts a square tower topped with an octagonal belfry. The roof was covered with wooden shingles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>French Jesuits established a mission to the Ottawa in this area in the 17th century. Their church did not have a permanent priest after suppression of the Jesuits in Canada in the late 18th century; the log structure was moved from Fort Michilimackinac to Mackinac Island about 1780-1781 by British orders. This Sainte Anne Church was used by the French and Metis residents who were the majority of the permanent population through the early 1800s, most connected to the fur trade. The church did not have a permanent priest for some years, but devoted parishioners kept the congregation active. Magdelaine Laframboise, a prominent Métis fur trader, donated land next to her mansion for the church when it needed a new site. In 1874, a new Sainte Anne Church was built there which is still in use.</p><br>
<h3>Original Protestant mission</h3><br>
<p>The first permanent Christian pastoral presence on Mackinac Island was that of David Bacon, who lived on the island for a short time beginning in 1802. Following the conclusion of the War of 1812, the number of Anglo-American residents on the island and in the region increased. In 1821, Jedidiah Morse (the father of Samuel F. B. Morse) was reputed to have preached on the island on a Sunday; he later advocated for a permanent Protestant mission on the island.</p><br>
<p>In 1823, missionaries William Montague Ferry and his wife Amanda founded a Protestant mission on the southeast corner of Mackinac Island at the location since known as Mission Point. This mission was primarily to educate Indian youth, and enrolled students from all around the Great Lakes region. In 1825, they built a boardinghouse and school at the site, During the winter of 1828-29, the Ferrys&#39; congregation rapidly grew, adding 33 people to total 52 congregants. The church was dedicated on March 4, 1831.</p><br>
<p>The congregation eventually grew to number about 80. But changes soon came to the island: the American Fur Company withdrew as the fur trade declined in the 1830s. The tribes which the mission school served were being removed to locations west of the Mississippi River. The mission, and with it the church congregation, declined. The Ferrys left Mackinac Island in 1834, and in 1837, the mission was closed. In 1838 the mission property, including the church, was sold to a private owner.</p><br>
<h3>Later years</h3><br>
<p>The church was used for some years for political meetings and plays, and occasionally for church services. The building continued to deteriorate.</p><br>
<p>In the late 19th century, the island became used a summer resort destination for people from major cities such as Chicago and later Detroit. The Grand Hotel was constructed in 1887. The seasonal influx of summer residents soon overwhelmed the space available for the island&#39;s small Protestant congregation. In 1894, a group of residents purchased the church for nondenominational services, restored it, and opened it in the summer of 1895.</p><br>
<p>It was used for years for Protestant services, primarily in the summer. The Mackinac Island State Park Commission purchased the building in 1955 and did some renovation. In the 1980s, the church was extensively restored. As of 2012, the church is open to the public daily in the summer, and can be rented for weddings.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mission House on Mackinac Island is a historic structure owned by the state of Michigan. Built in 1825, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is operated as part of the Mackinac Island State Park. The Mission House is a wood-frame structure covered in clapboard siding and constructed in a U shape. The center section is three stories, and the flanking wings are two stories. The front facade has a single-story porch covering the entrance in the center.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>In 1823, missionaries William Montague Ferry and his wife Amanda founded a mission on the southeast corner of Mackinac Island at the location since known as Mission Point. In 1825, this mission house was built at the site by a building crew led by Martin Heydenburk, a fellow missionary who was a teacher and carpenter. It is the centerpiece of a major effort by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to disseminate Christianity among the Native Americans of the upper Great Lakes. It is also a standing remnant of the fur trade era of Great Lakes history.</p><br>
<h2>Dormitory</h2><br>
<p>The Mission House was designed as a combination school complex and boardinghouse for students of Native American, meti, and Euro-American ancestry. The students were boarded at the school, taught manual crafts and rudimentary liberal arts, and trained to adopt the standards and living patterns characteristic of New England and the American East Coast. In 1827, 112 students were enrolled in the school.</p><br>
<p>The Mission House was constructed as a two-story building. It was built in a spare, utilitarian style suitable for its purpose. There has been little exterior decoration on the building since its original construction in 1825. The dormitory structure was built with local sawn timbers from nearby Mill Creek, and a close study of these timbers enabled archeologists to reconstruct what kind of steel saw had been used to cut the logs and even how fast the saw blade had moved.</p><br>
<p>The Mission House was the largest structure of a complex that also included a church, the Mission Church (built 1829-30), and nearby fields for training students in agriculture. The Ferry family lived in this house for 12 years, from 1825 until 1837. Here their son, Thomas W. Ferry, a future USA Senator, was born in 1827.</p><br>
<h2>Hotel</h2><br>
<p>The Mackinac Mission never succeeded in financially supporting itself and, in the late 1830s, its functions were undermined by the decline of the upper Great Lakes fur trade. In 1837, Michigan Territory was admitted to the Union as a state, and the Ferry family moved to what was to become Ferrysburg, Michigan. The Mackinac mission complex was abandoned.</p><br>
<p>The decline of the fur trade was caused by "civilization" and the increasing immigration of settlers and homesteaders into Michigan. For many decades in the early and mid-19th century, Mackinac Island was a key junction point for the short-run lake steamboats of the day. Many immigrants to Lake Michigan changed boats at Mackinac Island, and needed places to stay during their stopovers. In 1849 Edward Franks bought the unused Mission House, added a third story to the two-story structure, and reopened it as a hotel/boarding house. He did not change the structure&#39;s name.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, pleasure travel increased in northern Michigan, and the Mission House readapted itself as a somewhat spartan pleasure resort. As the 20th century began, however, the aging building was increasingly ill-adapted to provide a comfortable experience to travelers. The Great Depression dealt the Mission House a blow from which it could not recover. The hotel, still operated by the Franks family, closed in 1939.</p><br>
<h2>Moral Re-Armament and living space</h2><br>
<p>Once again unused, the Mission House found a new owner in 1946 as the temporary base of the Moral Re-Armament movement. Under the leadership of the Rev. Frank Buchman, MRA made Mackinac Island their world headquarters and built a large conference center to the east of the old dormitory. MRA decided to convert the center on Mackinac Island into a liberal arts college in 1965. The college did not prove successful and closed after graduating its first class in 1970. The following year MRA officially ceased activity on Mackinac Island and divested itself of its island holdings, selling most of it to Rev. Rex Humbard of Akron, Ohio. Rev. Humbard’s attempts to operate a resort and revive the college were short lived, owing to other financial difficulties in his organization, and ceased in 1973. In 1977 a Dallas-based property and investment firm purchased the property and converted into the “Mackinac Hotel and Conference Center.” Fearing that the historic 1825 Mission House would not survive much longer, the Mackinac Island State Park Commission purchased it from the Hubbard organization and restored it. Its interior was remodeled into living space for Mackinac State Historic Park&#39;s seasonal workers. The interior is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Representation in other media</h2><br>
<p>In 1863 Edward Everett Hale published a fictional story called The Man Without a Country. It opened with the sentence: “I was stranded at the old Mission House in Mackinaw, waiting for a Lake Superior steamer which did not choose to come.” However, in his lifetime Hale visited neither Mackinac nor Michigan.</p><br>
<p>In his 1893 and 1900 reminiscences, E.E. Hale stated that ‘To write the story of “The Man Without a Country” and its sequel, “Philip Nolan’s Friends,” I had to make as careful a study as I could of the history of the acquisition of Louisiana by the United States.’ In Hale&#39;s many publications, he described other locations that he had never seen. He was able to do this because he had extensive libraries and publications available to him. Hale was a writer, editor, and Unitarian minister who resided in and traveled throughout New England; he visited Texas once.</p><br>
<h2>Registered historic site</h2><br>
<p>The Mission House was listed on the National Registry of Historic Sites in 1971, and was listed in the Michigan Registry of Historic Sites in 1993. It is Michigan Historic Site #SO313. A historic marker was erected.</p><br>
<p>St. Rose  Church, also known as St. Rosa Church, is a Roman Catholic church located in Cincinnati, Ohio&#39;s East End neighborhood at 2501 Riverside Drive . Located near the banks of the Ohio River, the church has endured many floods as evidenced by a high water mark painted on the rear side.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation organized January 15, 1867. The parish was named for St. Rose of Lima, the first saint from the Americas. The parent parishes were Saint Philomena and St. Francis de Sales. The congregation was mostly German.</p><br>
<p>The church was erected in 1867; the cornerstone was laid October 6, 1867. The dedication occurred May 21, 1869. The building is brick, with stone trimmings in the Roman style, measuring 57 by. Its steeple, over 190 ft high, is a landmark on the Ohio River. The cost, including lot, was over $60,000.</p><br>
<p>On January 31, 1894, the church and the school were almost entirely destroyed by fire &mdash; with only the walls remaining. The church was rebuilt at a cost of $30,000; every dollar was donated. The congregation numbered 200 families in 1896.</p><br>
<p>The parish remains active today.</p><br>
<p>Wunü Shan , which means mountain of Five Women, is a mountain of historical and cultural significance located in the north of the town of Huanren, in Huanren Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province, China. The tallest peak is the 821 metre-high Main Peak. Wunü Shan is the birthplace of the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wunü Shan has a long history of human living. Recent years some archaeologists found historical remains and relics on the mountain. The oldest ones that had been proven are the potteries of the late Neolithic Age, more than 4500 years ago. Those relics also include some human-used weapons and producing tools which have thousands of years of history. According to the Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo was founded above the mountain in 37 BC, and the mountain city remained its capital until King Yuri moved it to Gungnae Fortress in 3 AD.</p><br>
<p>In 1424 when the third king of Jurchen Li Manzhu invaded Liao Ning with his troops, they quartered at this mountain and founded the Manchu tribe.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Wunü Shan is located in the northeast of Huanren County and the northwest of the Hun Jiang River, 8 km from the county. Its main peak measures 821 metres above sea level, has a length of 1500 m from the north to the south side and a width of 300 m from the east to the west side. Its central coordinate is 41°19’36”N，125°24’44”E.</p><br>
<h2>Natural significance</h2><br>
<p>Wunü Shan is located in the north temperate zone so it has four distinct seasons. There are more than 60 natural tourist spots. In the spring and summer one will find flowers, trees, butterflies, and birds, and there are tourist ships that travel down the river. In the fall, the mountain turns red because of the famous Chinese sweet gums. In the winter, the mountain receives snow.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural significance</h2><br>
<p>Wunü Shan has all the elements of a defensive city wall---temple, palace, barn, barracks, water source, and a city wall of more than 200 metres above sea level. Therefore, the Goguryeo kingdom could quarter at the mountain for extended periods in the cold weapon era.</p><br>
<h2>Prominence</h2><br>
<p>1994 Awarded as the Most Protected Culture Relic</p><br>
<p>1999 One of the Top10 National Archaeological Discovery</p><br>
<p>2002 Rated as AAAA Class National Tourist Spot</p><br>
<p>2004 Nominated on the UNESCO World Heritage List</p><br>
<p>White Furniture Company, was a major American producer of hand crafted fine furniture for over a century, . Founded by the White Brothers of Mebane, North Carolina, the factory notably produced furnishings for the US Government and The Grove Park Inn.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>In 1881, brothers Dave and Will White founded White Furniture Company. They used a small loan and $275 from working as telegraph operators as capital. Their father, Stephen A. White III, had acquired an amount of debt which soiled the familys name. Dave and Will pledged to repay their fathers creditors and such was the catalyst behind starting the factory.</p><br>
<p>Will White served as president of the company and Dave White as general manager. "The White Brothers were aggressive businessmen who took seriously their place in the town, and who, like many in the New South, equated industrial growth with civic duty and regional pride."</p><br>
<p>Working with only a plane and a boiler the initial manufacturing was limited to only round oak dining tables and wagon wheels. While reaching an early success in 1886 a local businessman invested funds to expand White Furniture and purchase more advanced machinery. Within a brief time span, the company employed 32 people and manufactured tables, chairs, and a bedroom set. The solid oak bedroom set sold for nine dollars and included a bed, dresser, and washstand.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<h3>The Panama Canal contracts</h3><br>
<p>In 1906, under the command of Chief Engineer John Frank Stevens, hundreds of new building were built in Panama. These buildings were created to house army engineers and canal workers constructing the Panama Canal. The US Government was in need of furniture for both enlisted men and American officers in Panama, and the bulk of the contracts were awarded to Whites. A local newspaper reported "The first installment of furniture for the Panama Canal, contracted for the government with The White Furniture Company. This train of cars was handsomely placarded, each car bearing a twenty-foot banner worded FROM THE WHITE FURNITURE CO., MEBANE, N.C., FOR USA GOVERNMENT, PANAMA CANAL, and then the company trademark, The White Line Guarantees Satisfaction.&#39;"</p><br>
<p>This was the first time a government contract of this type had been awarded to a southern factory. A total of fifty-eight boxcars was whipped from North Carolina to the Panama Canal.</p><br>
<p>Just one year after being awarded the Panama Contracts, in 1907, White Furniture Company was awarded "Best manufacturer of American furniture" at the Jamestown Exhibition. (A World&#39;s Fair celebration during the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Jamestown Settlement.)</p><br>
<p>Markenfield Hall is an early 14th-century moated manor house about 3 mi south of Ripon, North Yorkshire, England. It is in the civil parish of Markingfield Hall, which in 2015 had an estimated population of 10. The estate was an extra parochial area in the Hundred of Burghshire. It was made a civil parish  in 1858. It was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974, when under the Local Government Act 1972 it became part of the new county of North Yorkshire. It is part of the Borough of Harrogate.</p><br>
<h2>House and park</h2><br>
<p>The house is an L-shaped castellated block, with a great hall that stands above an undercroft and was originally reached by an exterior stone staircase. It is lit by two double-light windows with quatrefoil transom under their arched heads. The house is defended by a moat, which is crossed by one bridge that is guarded by a 16th-century Tudor gatehouse. The house, including the gatehouse, is a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>Several acres of land to the west and north of the house are emparked. The hall, adjoining land, and park pale are a Scheduled Ancient Monument.</p><br>
<p>The house is open for public tours at specific times, for groups by appointment, and may be hired as a wedding venue.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Domesday Book of 1086 records two households at Markenfield.</p><br>
<p>In 1150 the estate was held by the Le Bret family who had a house there and adopted the name de Markenfield.</p><br>
<p>The present house was built for John de Markenfield, an associate of Piers Gaveston and a servant of Edward II. The Crown granted a licence to crenellate Markenfield in 1310, the same year that John was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer. Sir Thomas Markefield was appointed High Sheriff of Yorkshire for 1484 and fought on the side of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth. In 1569 Thomas de Markenfield was involved in the pro-Catholic Rising of the North and fled to the Continent. Markenfield was confiscated and granted to Thomas Egerton, Master of the Rolls.</p><br>
<p>Egerton never made Markenfield his main home. It devolved to a rented farmhouse but retained its features. In 1761 Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley bought the house, replaced the roof of the Great Hall and ensured that the house was structurally sound once more. It descended to the 7th Baron Grantley who began a restoration project in 1980 to convert the hall from a farmhouse into a family home.</p><br>
<p>The Rundlet-May House is a historic house museum at 364 Middle Street in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States. Built in 1807, it is a well-preserved example of a high-end Federal style mansion, built for a wealthy merchant. The house is of particular significance due to the survival of early documentation related to its construction. It is now owned by Historic New England and open seasonally for tours. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Rundlet-May House stands in what is now a predominantly residential area south of downtown Portsmouth, on the west side of Middle Street, a busy north-south road. It is a three-story wood frame structure, topped by a low-pitch hip roof surrounded by a wooden balustrade. It is finished in wooden clapboards, and has four chimneys, symmetrically placed with two on each side. Its main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance framed by sidelights and a fanlight.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1807 by James Rundlet, who acquired his wealth in the textile trade. Rundlet imported his wallpapers from England and purchased his furniture from local cabinetmakers, whose work was noted for its fine craftsmanship and striking use of veneer. Rundlet also saw to it that his house was equipped with the latest technologies. The kitchen boasts both a Rumford roaster and a Rumford range, as well as a set kettle and an elaborate venting system that services a smoke room on the third floor. There is an early coal-fired central heating system and an indoor well. Details of the house&#39;s construction are well-documented, because Rundlet and his heirs retained detailed records of work done on it.</p><br>
<p>Ralph May, a descendant of Rundlet, gave the property to the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, now Historic New England. The house contains many of its original furnishings, as well as some pieces added by later generations. The formal gardens, orchard, and attached outbuildings (including two privies) remain as first used by Rundlet, and there is also a small pet cemetery on the grounds. It is open to the public on weekends between June and October.</p><br>
<p>Grangewood Park is an extensive woodland area situated in South Norwood, London. It is managed by the London Borough of Croydon. It is bounded by Grange Road, Wharncliffe Road, and Ross Road. It covers an area of 27 acres 11.23 hectares. The park is located on the main A212 road  between Thornton Heath and Upper Norwood/Crystal Palace. The nearest stations are Thornton Heath, Selhurst and Norwood Junction.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Facilities include:</p><br>
<p>Woodland,</p><br>
<p>Ornamental gardens,</p><br>
<p>Cultural garden,</p><br>
<p>Bowling green and pavilion,</p><br>
<p>Tennis courts,</p><br>
<p>Multi-games courts (football only),</p><br>
<p>Children&#39;s playground, and</p><br>
<p>Basketball and kick around facilities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Grangewood was originally part of the Manor of Whitehorse which was bought in 1787 by John Cator and enclosed by him in 1797. The wood known as Whitehorse Wood was part of the Great North Wood (Norwood). It was 80 acre in extent and belonged to two successive Bishops of London between 1299 and 1338. The name White Horse was not used until 1368 when the manor became the possession of Walter Whitehors, shield-bearer to Edward III (before that it was known as Benchesham Manor).</p><br>
<p>On the death of John Cator in 1806, the estate passed to his nephew, also John Cator, who sold it to a John Davidson Smith.</p><br>
<p>In 1800 the wood was completely surrounded by fields and the nearest dwellings were cottages clustered around the farm house. By 1847 a track had been constructed across the wood to connect Beulah Spa (laid out by John Davidson Smith) with the road junction at White Horse Farm. This formed the line of what is now Grange Road.</p><br>
<p>John Davidson Smith divided the Whitehorse Estate into small plots and sold them for development. The east and west sides of Whitehorse Wood were cleared before 1850 and the remaining 30 acre to the east of Grange Road were developed as a private estate.</p><br>
<p>The first edition of the 6" Ordnance Survey Map gives the layout of the private estate. The mansion stood in the middle of the estate with stables between it and the main entrance, which was at the junction of Wharncliffe Road and Grange Road. To the east of the house there was a nursery and Ross Lodge, and there was a second lodge at the entrance (today known as Wharncliffe Lodge ). Heath Lodge, which stands at the southern end of the park, is not shown on the 1870 map; it was built at a later date possibly when a second entrance was made from the junction of Grange Road and Ross Road. The southern tip of land had not been part of Whitehorse Wood but part of Woods Field.</p><br>
<p>The mansion looked out onto quite extensive gardens which ran south from the house to the southern point of the property, and near Grange Road there was a small pond crossed by a rustic bridge. The northern end remained natural woodland with trees down both sides of garden.</p><br>
<p>The Corporation of Croydon bought Grangewood Park for the public in 1900. To complement the ornamental gardens and woodland walks that already existed, the Council built a bowling green and tennis courts, and a bandstand. Band concerts entertained the public during the summer months but the popularity of the performances declined and the stand was eventually demolished.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was a two-storey Victorian building with bay windows, veranda and a conservatory on the south-east corner. Following the purchase of the park by the Corporation the mansion was used as a museum which housed a fine collection of minerals, corals, shells and local Roman antiquities. One room in the mansion was known as the Veterans&#39; Club for the use of the male pensioners of the district where they played cards and other games, or sat and talked. Visitors to the park and museum could obtain refreshments from the tea-room in the house.</p><br>
<p>The nursery was used by the Corporation for plant production and locally was famous for its chrysanthemums; in the autumn the greenhouses were open to the public so that they could see them. During the Second World War, it was given over, like other Corporation nurseries, to food production. After the war, part of the nursery was demolished to make room for tennis courts, and in the mid-1960s it was closed when all nursery production in the Borough was transferred to one central site.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was used during the First World War for billeting Canadian troops and in the Second World War both the house and grounds were badly damaged.</p><br>
<p>The mansion fell into disrepair and in 1960 was demolished. The foundations were retained and laid out as a formal garden with the bay windows as flower beds.</p><br>
<p>Ross Lodge was demolished in 1987 due to serious movement of the foundations caused by the underlying London Clay and the site is to be redeveloped as a garden.</p><br>
<p>Despite the changes that the park has seen, it is still a popular area for its oak woodland, gardens, sports facilities and playground, and in the spring the steep bank beside Grange Road provides a magnificent display of daffodils.</p><br>
<p>Axlor is a prehistoric archeological site in the village of Dima in Biscay in the Autonomous Basque Community of Spain, dating from the Middle Paleolithic or Mousterian period.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>The shelter is the mouth of an old cave that has been filled up with clay from the Indusi karst. The archaeologist Jose Miguel Barandiaran discovered the site and directed the first excavations from 1967 until 1974. The results of these works were published in 1980 by Barandiaran in Obras Completas, T. XVIII. Barandiaran noted the presence of 9 different layers at the site, 5 of which contained Mousterian lithic artifacts. Jose Maria Basabe studied 5 teeth from a young Neandertal found on the site. Jesus Altuna identified faunal remains from the site, while later on, A. Baldeón studied the stone tools.</p><br>
<p>Renewed excavations at Axlor took place from 2000–2009, under the direction of J. González Urquijo and J. Ibañez Estévez. The new excavations continue to focus on the lithic and faunal assemblages, as well as human remains, but new approaches have also been incorporated into the project: micro-faunal fossil remains (essentially, rodents), the geological context of the "Indusi karst", the geological formation of different layers of rock, palynology (the study of pollen), and carpology (the study of other plant remains), among other disciplines.</p><br>
<h2>The site</h2><br>
<p>Axlor has a sequence of Middle Paleolithic levels, representing the later stages of the Mousterian in the Pyrenees region. The most recent levels at Axlor are dated to approximately 42,000 years before present (using C14 radiocarbon analysis). Axlor is one of few securely-dated late Middle Palaeolithic sites in the Basque region.</p><br>
<p>The Neanderthals from Axlor had long-range strategies to deal with their environment, which they changed over time - thus allowing a sort of "history" to be pieced together by archaeologists. Those investigations are changing the idea of Neanderthal being a "brute" or an "archaic hominid".</p><br>
<p>The Neanderthals of Axlor made stone tools using flint from distant places (between 30 and 60 kilometers from the site). Also, each different stone-class was worked with different techniques, using those systems more appropriated to its size, density, grain and hardness. The producing techniques are quite complicated (Levallois, micro-Levallois, Quina, etc.). Those strategies of flint-working and stone-working are not repeated along the time sequence. They change between layers, probably adapted to different ethnic traditions and to the needs of the Neandertals and the environmental constraints. Some spear-tips found in Axlor have traces of use, and they were probably used as projectiles. The Neanderthals from Axlor were really good hunters, and they killed adult bovids and other dangerous animals. Their long-range strategies extended to the management of hunting resources, butchery, and use of animal resources.</p><br>
<p>Gilman Hall is a building on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley. Room 307 was where Glenn T. Seaborg and his coworkers identified plutonium as a new element on February 23, 1941 and as such, is designated a National Historic Landmark. The building itself is designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark, recognizing the two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry that have resulted from research done in the building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gilman Hall was built from 1916 to 1917 to accommodate an expanded College of Chemistry under the leadership of Gilbert N. Lewis. Designed by John Galen Howard, the building provided research and teaching facilities for faculty and students specializing in physical, inorganic and nuclear chemistry. It was named for Daniel Coit Gilman, president of the University of California from 1872 to 1875.</p><br>
<h2>Room 307</h2><br>
<p>In 1942, the Berkeley campus became quite involved in the war effort of World War II. The top floor, or "attic," of Gilman Hall was fenced off for classified work in nuclear chemistry. Half of the rooms in the attic had small balconies that could be used as outdoor fume hoods, but the actual hoods in Gilman Hall were not equipped with fans. They operated only as chimneys, with a burner flame that produced a draft. For the war work, electrically powered fans were finally installed to vent the hoods. Plutonium research in Gilman Hall was part of the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb. In 1942, Seaborg left Berkeley to join the Manhattan Project in Chicago. He returned to Berkeley after the war and directed the university&#39;s nuclear chemistry research.</p><br>
<p>Between 1976 and 1983, as part of the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program, the Department of Energy conducted remedial action to remove or shield floor and walls contaminated with uranium from the nuclear research done in the Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Nobel Prizes</h2><br>
<p>Two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry have been awarded for research done in the building. The first was to William Giauque in 1949 for his studies in the properties of matter at temperatures close to absolute zero. Seaborg received the second one in 1951 for discoveries in the transuranium elements.</p><br>
<p>Four other individuals who did research here received Nobel Prizes for later work as well.</p><br>
<h2>Gilman Hall today</h2><br>
<p>Gilman Hall has been used continuously by the College of Chemistry for 80 years; today it is occupied by the Department of Chemical Engineering. However, its laboratory equipment is no longer suitable for modern chemical research and as such, the University has renovated and converted some of the rooms into offices, classrooms, and small research laboratories.</p><br>
<p>Following the FUSRAP remediation work, Gillman Hall has been certified as safe to current radiologic standards. The University of California is responsible for maintenance and monitoring of the shielded contamination.</p><br>
<p>South Hall is the oldest building on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, and the only remaining building of the original campus. South Hall was originally the counterpart of North Hall, which no longer exists, but was located where the Bancroft Library currently stands.</p><br>
<p>The first physics laboratory in the United States was hosted in South Hall in 1879. It also has been home to the College of Agriculture, a business school, and a temporary museum for the state geological survey. The University Herbarium was housed in South Hall from 1890 till 1897. It currently houses the UC Berkeley School of Information. When Wheeler Hall was planned, the entrance of South Hall was removed from the west side and added on the east side entrance. The original wooden porch was replaced in 1997 with glass fiber reinforced concrete.</p><br>
<p>According to legend, the rooftop scene of Mary Poppins was filmed at South Hall, although this has been shown to be false.</p><br>
<p>Campus tour guides often point out a small stone bear, sculpted by Michael H. Casey, in the architecture of South Hall, on the balcony railing above the entrance, in the third circle from the left, claiming it is the smallest bear statue on campus.</p><br>
<p>The four-story building is located southwest of Sather Tower.</p><br>
<p>Limni  is a town and a community in the northwestern part of the island of Euboea, Greece. It is located northwest of Chalkida and southeast of Istiaia. Limni is part of the municipal unit of Elymnioi, and it was the seat of the municipality Elymnioi. The community Limni had a population of 2,046 in 2011. It is built at the foot of a mountain slope, on a bay of the North Euboean Gulf. It has been suggested as the site of the ancient city of Elymnion.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The community Limni consists of the following settlements:</p><br>
<p>Limni</p><br>
<p>Chronia</p><br>
<p>Katounia</p><br>
<p>Myrtias</p><br>
<p>Retsinolakkos</p><br>
<p>Sipias</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>Limni was the home of the independence fighter Angelis Govios and the film director and screenwriter Nikos Tsiforos. In 1959 the English writer Philip Sherrard bought part of disused magnesite mine near Limni, planted trees and plants where the former mine installations had been, and restored the abandoned homes of the former directors who had lived there before the Second World War. From 1977 until his death in 1995 it was his permanent home.</p><br>
<p>The Jornada del Muerto Volcano is a small shield volcano and lava field in central New Mexico, about 10 by in size and reaching an elevation of 5,136 ft. Jornada del Muerto means "Dead Man&#39;s Route" in Spanish, referring to the desolate colonial era trail from New Spain through this Malpaís region.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The volcano and lava field is located at the northern end of the Jornada del Muerto Desert basin in the Basin and Range Province. The Jornada del Muerto basin runs between the Oscura Mountains and San Andres Mountains on the east, with the Caballo Mountains and the Fra Cristóbal Range on the west.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<h3>Volcano and cones</h3><br>
<p>The main volcano vent is located slightly to the east of the center of the lava flows, rising about 150 ft in a broad but conspicuous cone about a mile (1.6 km) in diameter. Within the outer cone are a series of nested spatter cones interspersed with lava pools. On the south side the innermost spatter cone rises to nearly 90 ft above the surrounding lava pools, and surrounds an intact symmetrical crater 245 ft across and about 30 ft deep.</p><br>
<h3>Volcanic field</h3><br>
<p>The volcano erupted about 760,000 years ago in a series of basaltic flows. It produced a slow and viscous ʻaʻā lava volcanic field which has a very rough and uneven surface, making travel across it extremely difficult and hazardous; also time consuming. The total volume of erupted material is about 3 cumi and the lava fields cover an area of over 170 square miles.</p><br>
<p>The largest individual flow-field extends from a center in extreme southeastern Socorro County and extends into Sierra County. Currently the flow forms the east bank of the Rio Grande from Fra Cristóbal north to Fort Craig, but at the time of eruption it temporarily dammed the Rio Grande.</p><br>
<p>St. Michael the Archangel is a Roman Catholic church located at 3114 Scranton Road in the Clark-Fulton neighborhood on the west side of Cleveland, Ohio. The church is named in honor of St. Michael the Archangel and was completed in 1892.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1881 as a mission of Ohio City, Clevelands St. Marys on-the-Flats to serve a growing German immigrant population on Cleveland&#39;s west side. The original church and school building were constructed in 1883 but burned on June 29, 1891, while the new building was under construction. The current church, which had its cornerstone laid in 1889, was completed five years ahead of schedule in 1892.</p><br>
<p>The church building is considered a good example of High Victorian Gothic architecture with its two towers of unequal height, the taller of which rises 232 ft, and three archways. An architecturally notable school adjacent to the church began construction in 1906 and was completed in 1907. For many years the church was one of the most costly and artistically notable churches in the Cleveland Diocese.</p><br>
<p>The church congregation reached its peak size in the 1950, when only 25% of the parishioners were of German descent. The first Spanish Mass was said in 1971 for the growing number of Hispanic parishioners. The congregation now is mostly Latin American. The church now offers Masses in both English and Spanish. An annual Good Friday Procession begins or ends at St. Michaels. St Michaels and La Sagrada Familia church alternate every year to begin or end at one of the two churches. There is a stop at St Patricks on Bridge Avenue to hear the first part of Mass before continuing on the journey to either St Michaels or La Sagrada Familia. The parish has become a center of Hispanic culture in Cleveland.</p><br>
<p>Mount Scott is a prominent mountain just to the northwest of Lawton, Oklahoma rising to a height of 2,464 ft. It is located in the Wichita Mountains near Fort Sill Military Reservation and lies in the Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge . The US Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for the maintenance of the area. Visitors can reach the summit by car or bicycle via a three-mile paved road. Hiking is allowed, although there are no formal trails and the paved road is open to pedestrians and bicycles from 6am to 9:30 am only. Mount Scott is also popular for its numerous rock climbing areas. The peak was named in honor of General Winfield Scott.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge is located in southwestern Oklahoma, just north of the city of Lawton and Fort Sill. The area is located near Interstate 44, and is about 90 mi from Oklahoma City. The Wildlife Refuge&#39;s proximity to Fort Sill means that the sound of artillery fire can often be heard by visitors and is sometimes mistaken for thunder.</p><br>
<p>Mount Scott is the second-highest mountain in the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, but it remains the most well-known and regularly visited. The 3+ mile paved road that winds from the base to the top of Mount Scott offers breath-taking views of the surrounding Oklahoma plains. Mount Pinchot lies several miles to the west and is the highest point in the Refuge being 12 feet taller. Mount Pinchot is located within the Wildlife Refuge&#39;s Special Use Area which is reserved for wildlife management and closed to the public. From the west side of Mount Scott can be seen several prominent mountains to the west including Elk Mountain, Mount Sheridan, and Haley peak which lies just outside the NW corner of the WMWR. Haley Peak (officially unnamed) is the highest point in the Wichita Mountain range.</p><br>
<p>The Blue Canyon Wind Farm is north of Mount Scott, and the wind turbines are visible from the access road.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>The summit is accessible by a three-mile paved road which winds around the mountain. Several scenic pullouts are located along the road, and parking is available at the top of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Bicycles are allowed on the paved road leading to the summit of Mount Scott. Although the distance is fairly short, the ride is not recommended for beginners. The steep grades involved, heavy crosswinds, sharp turns, and automobile traffic could make the ride dangerous.</p><br>
<p>The peak may also be reached by traditional hiking, though there are no blazed trails to the summit, and large pedestrian groups are prohibited on the paved road. However, visitors are allowed to park at the base of the mountain and hike to a number of the rock climbing areas available on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Quartz Mountain  is located in Greer County in southwest Oklahoma. It is the namesake of Quartz Mountain Nature Park and its eastern flank is enclosed by the park boundaries. It is near the cities of Mangum, Oklahoma and Altus, Oklahoma. The park is open to the public year round for rock climbing, hiking, boating, camping, nature observation and photography, and environmental education and interpretation. The mountain overlooks scenic Lake Altus-Lugert.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Quartz Mountain is one of the westernmost peaks in the Wichita Mountains. In simplest terms, the Wichita Mountains are rocky promontories and rounded hills made of red and black igneous rocks, light-colored sedimentary rocks, and boulder conglomerates. The Wichita Mountains were formed in four distinct geologic episodes. 1. Magmatism induced by continental rifting just prior to and in the Cambrian Period produced the granites and rhyolites (the red rocks), gabbroic rocks, anorthosites, and diabases (the black rocks). 2. Subsidence resulted in burial by sandstones and carbonates (the light-colored rocks) during the early Paleozoic. 3. Uplift during the Pennsylvanian Ouachita Orogeny brought these rocks to the surface as mountains. 4. Weathering and erosion during the Permian Period flattened the mountains and produced a mantle of conglomerates. The mountains themselves are Permian landforms covered and preserved by river-borne sediments in the Permian and partially excavated only in recent geological times. Exposure of these fossil mountains is greatest towards the southeast; much of the western part of the Permian range remains buried under sandstones and shales.</p><br>
<p>Quartz Mountain is made of granite emplaced during the early Cambrian period. Like the other granite knobs nearby, and the larger masses of granite in the eastern Wichita Mountains, these rocks are part of the Wichita Granite Group. Most of Quartz Mountain and the other exposures in the park are homogenous pink-red Lugert granite. However, the flank of Quartz Mountain, as well as the adjacent peaks to the west are made of a corser grained, red Reformatory Granite. The Reformatory Granite is quarried locally in and around the appropriately named town of Granite; the park&#39;s numerous monuments are polished monoliths of the quarry products. A mixed zone between the two units reveals that these are two separate pulses of magma intruding the same level of the crust, and that the Lugert post-dates the intrusion of the Reformatory. Numerous miarolitic cavities and hydrothermal veins pervade this zone and its surroundings. Both contain appreciable amounts of quartz.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Climbing using modern techniques at Quartz Mountain began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Between 1978 and 1982, the majority of climbing routes were established. The property where the mountain is located was privately owned by Ted and Margaret Johnson, who had allowed access to the mountain for several decades. In an effort to ensure the area was preserved, it was purchased in 2001 by The Access Fund and the Wichita Mountains Climbers Coalition (WMCC), then donated to the State of Oklahoma. In 2002 the area was designated Quartz Mountain Nature Park.</p><br>
<p>There is no fee charged to climb the mountain. Activities at Baldy Point are only permitted during daytime. Climbers must be off the mountain and out of the parking lot by dusk.</p><br>
<p>One source reports that Quartz Mountain climbing is very strenuous and that this mountain is not recommended for beginners. It has been compared to climbing at Joshua Tree National Park. Most of the climbing is done on the south face of the mountain, so summer is not a recommended time for climbing. Spring and fall are the best times for this activity.</p><br>
<p>Camping is not allowed at the climbing area (which is normally called Baldy Point area). Camping is available at Quartz Mountain park campground, about 3 mi from the climbing area, where there are 100 RV hookups plus a number of tent sites. Fires, firearms, paintball guns, mountain bikes, and dirt bikes are prohibited at the climbing area.</p><br>
<p>Mount Auburn Historic District is located in the Mount Auburn neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio. It extends along both sides of Auburn Avenue roughly between Ringold Street and William H. Taft Road.</p><br>
<p>The District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 28, 1973 (No. 73001464). Mount Auburn was founded as a hilltop retreat for Cincinnati&#39;s social elite where wealthier people could escape the dirt, heat, smoke and crowded conditions of the lower city. Ornate historic mansions with incredible panoramic views still reflect this heritage.</p><br>
<p>The district contains notable houses of Federal, Greek Revival, Italian Villa, Romanesque Revival, and Georgian Revival styles. The houses date from 1819 to the turn of the century and are associated with the prominent Cincinnatians. Noted residents include President William Howard Taft.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mt. Auburn was for a long time almost the only suburb of the city. It was at first called Keys&#39; Hill, after an old settler, and this name was used until 1837. By 1826 a number of prominent citizens had taken up residence there.</p><br>
<p>Mount Auburn was platted as a town in 1837. It owes its name to the then newly established Mount Auburn Cemetery of Boston. By 1842, it extended from Liberty Street (Liberty Street got its name because the city laws were not enforced north of it and it was the location of the "northern liberties" – gambling, drinking and carousing) to McMillan Street (note that the historic district only goes as far south as Ringold street, the rest of the Mount Auburn neighborhood to the south is the Prospect Hill Historic District). Mount Auburn was annexed to the City of Cincinnati in 1849.</p><br>
<h3>Buildings and sites</h3><br>
<p>William Howard Taft National Historic Site</p><br>
<p>The Mount Auburn Young Ladies Institute was established in 1856 to provide higher education to females. It was known for a strenuous curriculum, particularly in science and mathematics. The Institute was located on twenty-three acres of land that was landscaped by a gardener. Only four acres were cultivated for vegetable and flower gardens and a fruit orchard. The remainder was part of the landscaped area.</p><br>
<p>Cincinnati Orphan Asylum</p><br>
<p>Hopkins Park is a small hillside park in Mt. Auburn</p><br>
<p>Inwood Park was created in 1904 after the purchase of a stone quarry. Its pavilion, built in 1910 in Mission style, is one of the earliest buildings extant in Cincinnati&#39;s parks.</p><br>
<p>Jackson Hill Park</p><br>
<p>Glencoe-Auburn Hotel and Glencoe-Auburn Place Row Houses</p><br>
<p>Prospect Hill</p><br>
<h3>Other notable architecture</h3><br>
<p>Mount Auburn Presbyterian Church, 103 William Howard Taft Road</p><br>
<p>Former First District School, 412 Liberty Hill</p><br>
<p>Mt. Auburn Cable Railway Building, Corner of Highland and Dorchester</p><br>
<p>The William Howard Doane House (Sunny Side), 2223 Auburn Avenue</p><br>
<p>Mt. Auburn Baptist Church, 2147 Auburn Avenue</p><br>
<p>Adam Riddle House, 2021 Auburn Avenue</p><br>
<h3>Schools</h3><br>
<p>God&#39;s Bible School and College</p><br>
<p>Mt. Auburn International Academy</p><br>
<p>William Howard Taft Elementary</p><br>
<p>Christ College of Nursing</p><br>
<h3>Medical institutions</h3><br>
<p>The Christ Hospital</p><br>
<p>Planned Parenthood Elizabeth Campbell Surgical Center</p><br>
<h2>Commentary</h2><br>
<p>Ano Poroia  is a village in Greece, located in Macedonia. The population was 965 people .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The village is located 55 km and 30 km respectively to the Northwest of the town of Serres and to the west of Sidirokastro. It is at the foot of the Belles (Belasitsa) at an altitude of 380 m. Lake Kerkini is to the south of Ano Poroia.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The town of Ano Poroia, is known in Aromanian as Foroi, while various Bulgarian variants are spelled as follows: Горни Порой, Gorni Poroy or Горни Порој, Gorno Poroj. The name literally means "Upper Downpour" in contemporary Bulgarian. It was known as "Poroy" during Ottoman rule.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ano Poroia was founded in the end of the 18th century (c. 1800), by Aromanians (primarily) of Pindus mountain after expulsions led by Ali Pasha of Ioannina. During the 19th century the village was one of the largest and developed in Demirhisar Kaza of the Serres Sandjak. The main occupation was farming (tobacco, flax, cotton, barley, rye), sericulture, and commerce. The population was composed of Bulgarians, Aromanians and Turks.</p><br>
<p>In "Ethnographie des vilayets d&#39;Adrianople, de Monastir et de Salonique" (issued in Constantinople in 1878 and concerning the population in 1873) it was written that Gorni Poroi was a village, and had 320 households with 1,000 Bulgarians and 60 Aromanians.</p><br>
<p>Gustav Weigand — German linguist and specialist in Balkan languages (esp. Bulgarian and Aromanian) — passed during the early 20th century. He mentions 750 households. 450 of them Bulgarian, 200 Aromanian and 100 Turkish.</p><br>
<p>At first both Bulgarians and Aromanians heard the same liturgy and they belonged to a unified church that was serving in Greek.</p><br>
<p>The oldest school that ever existed in the village is mentioned in 1819. It was a Greek elementary school that was attended by Aromanians and a few Bulgarian children of the wealthier class. The first conflict between Bulgarians and Greeks was registered in 1883, when Bulgarians tried and achieved to separate from the Greek church and education and regenerate their own. According to Vasil Kanchov, in 1891 the village had two Bulgarian churches (serving in Church-Slavonic) and an Aromanian church (serving in Greek). There were two Bulgarian elementary schools, and one Greek elementary school that was attended by Aromanians. According to Kantchov, there were 3,780 people living in the village around 1900. 2,200 of them were Bulgarian, 480 were Turkish, and 1,100 Aromanian.</p><br>
<p>Around the turn of the 20th century, the Bulgarian people in Gorni Poroi were within the borders of the Bulgarian Exarchate, and the Aromanians had their own Romanian Parish and they were engaged in a conflict with the Bulgarians. According to Dimitar Mishev, the secretary of the exarchate, in 1905 there were 3,840 Bulgarian exarchatists, 25 Greeks, and 750 Aromanians. There was a Greek elementary school and a Bulgarian elementary and middle-high school.</p><br>
<p>The Bulgarian 7th Rila Division controlled the village expelling the Ottoman authorities in October 1912, during the First Balkan War. During the Second Balkan War, on July 9, 1913, Gorni Poroy was set on fire by the Greek army.</p><br>
<p>After the war, the village remained within the borders of Greece. A large portion of the Bulgarian population, as well some Aromanians, emigrated to Bulgaria. They went primarily to the towns of Petrich, Blagoevgrad, and Plovdiv, and to the villages on the northern slopes of Belasitsa, Belasitsa, Kolarovo, Samuilovo, Klyuch, Skrat. In 1913 according to the Greek statistic ministry there were 2.684 Greeks in the village (including Aromanians). In the 1920s, Greek refugees from Asia Minor settled down in the village. It was occupied again by Bulgaria in periods of 1916-1917 and 1941-1944.</p><br>
<h2>Born in Ano Poroia</h2><br>
<p>Ivancho voivoda (1848–1896), Bulgarian revolutionary</p><br>
<p>Yordan Ivanov (1908 - ?), Bulgarian chemist, professor at Sofia University</p><br>
<p>Petros Penas (1902–1994), Greek historian</p><br>
<p>Dimitrios Itsios (1906–1941), Greek soldier murdered by Nazis</p><br>
<p>Kolhumadulu Atoll  is an administrative division of the Maldives. It corresponds to the natural atoll of the same name. The ancient name of the island was Kolhumaduva during the time of King Koimala who united all atolls of the Maldives under one kingdom for the first time.</p><br>
<p>Traditionally, Maldivians call this atoll simply Kolhumadulu, without adding the word atholhu at the end. Thaa is the code letters assigned to the atoll and is sometimes used by tourists to refer to the atoll itself.</p><br>
<p>The waters surrounding this atoll are good fishing areas and some islands house fish processing plants.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Kolhumadulu Atoll comprises thirteen inhabitant islands. They are; Buruni N-1, Vilifushi N-2, Madifushi N-3, Dhiyamigili N-4, Guraidhoo N-5, Kadoodhoo N-6, Vandhoo N-7, Hirilandhoo N-8, Gaadhifushi N-9, Thimarafushi N-10, Veymandoo N-11, Kinbidhoo N-12 and Omadhoo N13.</p><br>
<p>There are important Buddhist archaeological remains in the island of Kinbidhoo, including a large ruined stupa. These were explored by the late Muhammad Ismail Didi. A report on the survey was published in the book Divehi Tārīkhah Au Alikameh.</p><br>
<p>The Tabar Group is an island group in Papua New Guinea, located 40 km north of New Ireland. It is a part of the Bismarck Archipelago. The Tabar group consists of a short chain of three main islands - Tabar Island  in the south, Tatau Island in the center, and Simberi Island in the north - as well as a number of smaller offshore islets. The highest peak is Mount Beirari at 622 metres.</p><br>
<p>The population of the island group was 3,920 at the 2000 Census. The Tabar Group is administered by the Sentral Niu Ailan Rural Local Level Government (LLG).</p><br>
<p>The Tabar Group is the area of origin of Malagan art.</p><br>
<p>The local language is Mandara (also known as Tabar), ISO 639-3 language code "tbf", an Austronesian language. Three dialects have been identified, Simberi, Tatau and Tabar.</p><br>
<p>Simberi Island is a volcanic island in the Tabar Group, in Papua New Guinea&#39;s New Ireland Province.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>Simberi is the northernmost and smallest of the three islands in the Tabar Group. The island is about 9 km long and 7 km wide and has an area of about 40 square kilometers. Its highest point in the highlands on the eastern side of the island is a 340 m eroded volcanic cone. The interior of the island is largely covered by rainforest. Most of the island&#39;s coast is steep and surrounded by a fringing reef together with a series of small islets. There is a woman shaped figure made by trees on the island and a barrier reef about 10 km offshore from the west coast. A 2 km strait separates Simberi from Tatau Island to the south west.</p><br>
<p>Simberi island is a potassium rich (high-K) calc-alkaline island arc volcano, the oldest in the Pliocene to Holocene Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni (TLTF) volcanic arc that formed above a subduction zone.</p><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>The population is about 1100 and made up of nine clans who live in small coastal villages mainly in the north and west.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The island has an airport, Simberi Airport (IATA airport code "NIS"), on the south east coast.</p><br>
<h2>Simberi Oxide Gold Project</h2><br>
<p>St Barbara Limited, an Australian-based company, operate an open pit gold (and silver) mine called the Simberi Oxide Gold Project in the volcanic highlands on the eastern side of the island. The mine is wholly owned and operated by St Barbara Limited, who acquired the assets of Allied Gold, the previous operators of the Simberi mine, on 31 August 2012. Gold production started in February 2008. Mining was suspended in December 2009 after Allied Gold received a cease work order from the Mineral Resources Authority of Papua New Guinea because of local landholder issues. Mining has since recommenced.</p><br>
<p>Seven gold deposits have been defined in mining lease 136 (ML 136), which covers the central and eastern portion of Simberi Island, and other prospects have been identified. Reconnaissance exploration for both oxide and sulphide mineralisation is planned.</p><br>
<p>As of June 2009, Allied reported that the total resources were 4.7 million ounces (Moz) gold, being oxide gold resources of 1.4 Moz and sulphide gold resources of 3.3 Moz together with 10.2 Moz silver.</p><br>
<p>Ore is delivered to the processing facilities on the eastern coast near Pigiput Bay by a 2,665 m long RopeCon aerial conveyor that can deliver 600 tonnes of ore per hour. The process plant is a conventional carbon-in-leach (CIL) gold process plant capable of treating 2.2 million tonnes of ore per year. In September 2010, Allied announced that it planned to increase its gold production to 100,000 oz per year. The oxide processing circuit at the Simberi operation will be expanded to 3.5-million tonnes a year, by June 2013.</p><br>
<p>Mine tailings are disposed of in the form of a slurry that has been pre-diluted with seawater using a deep sea tailings pipeline. The pipeline is 528 m long with the discharge point at a depth of 130 m. The tailings flow down a steep submarine slope and are deposited at a depth of more than 3 kilometers.</p><br>
<p>Production for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 was 64,327 oz.</p><br>
<p>In June 2009, Allied reported that the remaining mine life was estimated to be over 10 years. They are the largest employer on the island.</p><br>
<p>The Jackson Rooming House, also known as Jackson House, is a historic building constructed in 1901 as a boarding house in the city of Tampa, in the USA state of Florida. It provided accommodations to African-Americans and other travelers of African descent during the era of racial segregation. It is located on the north end of downtown at 851 Zack Street, approximately one block west of Tampa Union Station. On March 7, 2007, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places .</p><br>
<p>The Jackson Rooming House was one of the only places in Tampa where black travelers could find lodging, as they were not accepted in standard hotels of the day. The 24-room establishment began as a six-room cottage built by Moses and Sarah Jackson in 1901. Soon after, they added bedrooms and a second story in order to operate the rooming house, which remained in business until 1989. The Jacksons children inherited the business and the home remains in the possession of one of the Jacksons grandchildren.</p><br>
<p>During its time the Jackson House played host to several prominent entertainers, including Count Basie, Cab Calloway, James Brown, Ella Fitzgerald, and Ray Charles. Acts such as these would come to play the nightclubs of Tampa&#39;s black business district, which thrived nearby along Central Avenue until the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>During the urban renewal of the 1970s most of the neighborhood surrounding the house was razed. By 2007, when the house was added to the NRHP, the Jackson House was believed to be the last free-standing residential dwelling in downtown Tampa.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the Jackson House was deemed too damaged to be restored and faced likely demolition. In 2013, efforts were being made to save the historic Rooming House from demolition by the City of Tampa. As of January 13, 2014, Todd Alan Clem, commonly known as Bubba the Love Sponge, planned to purchase this property and begin the restoration of the house. Soon afterwards, Clem withdrew plans blaming mayor Bob Buckhorn and city officials.</p><br>
<p>Safdarjung&#39;s Tomb is a sandstone and marble mausoleum in New Delhi, India. It was built in 1754 in the late Mughal Empire style for the statesman Safdarjung. The monument has an ambiance of spaciousness and an imposing presence with its domed and arched red brown and white coloured structures. Safdarjung was made prime minister of the Mughal Empire  when Ahmad Shah Bahadur ascended the throne in 1748.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The tomb is located near the Safdarjung Airport at the T junction of Lodhi Road and Aurobindo Marg (road) in New Delhi.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The structure was constructed in 1754 in the late Mughal Empire style Safdarjung.</p><br>
<p>Mirza Muqim Abul Mansur Khan, who was popularly known as Safadarjung, who ruled over Avadh was an independent ruler of Avadh as viceroy of Muhammad Shah.He was very rich and most powerful. With the death of Emperor Muhammad Shah of Mughal Empire, he moved to Delhi. When Mohammed Shah Ahmed Shah ascended the throne of the Mughal Empire in Delhi in 1748, Safdarjung was made the Chief Minister (Vizier) of the empire with the title of Wazir ul-Mamalk-i-Hindustan and at that time the empire was on decline as their rule extended only to North India.</p><br>
<p>As Vizier he had taken all powers under his control as the king was only a puppet, a figurehead, who was into enjoying life with wine, opium and women. But he overestimated and over exercised his powers with the result that the Emperor’s family called their Hindu Maratha confederacy to help them get rid of their Vizier. A civil strife ensued and eventually in 1753 Safdarjung was driven out of Delhi. He died soon thereafter in 1754. After his death his son Nawab Shujaud Daula pleaded with the Mughal Emperor to permit him to erect a tomb for his father in Delhi. He then built the tomb, which was designed by an Abyssininan architect.</p><br>
<p>To the south of this tomb is the historic site of the battle that was fought in 1386 between Timur of Mangol and Mohammed Tughlaq when the latter was defeated.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Safdarjung tomb, the last monumental tomb garden of the Mughals, was planned and built like an enclosed garden tomb in line with the style of the Humayun tomb. It was completed in 1754. The slabs from the tomb of Abdul Rahim Khankhana were used in the construction of the tomb.</p><br>
<p>The tomb has four key features which are: The Char Bagh plan with the mausoleum at the center, a ninefold floor plan, a five-part façade and a large podium with a hidden stairway.</p><br>
<p>The main entry gate to the tomb is two-storied and its façade has very elaborate ornamentation over plastered surfaces and is in ornate purple colour. There is an inscription in Arabic on the surface and its translation reads “When the hero of plain bravery departs from the transitory, may he become a resident of god’s paradise”. The rear side of the façade, which is seen after entering through the gate, has many rooms and the library. To the right of the gate is the mosque which is a three-domed structure marked with stripes.</p><br>
<p>Entering through the main gate gives a perfect view of the mausoleum. Its walls are built high and the central dome, which is the main mausoleum of Safdarjung, is built over a terrace. Red and buff stones are the materials used for building the main mausoleum which measures 28 m square. The central chamber, square in shape, has eight partitions with a cenotaph in the middle. Here there are partitions in rectangular shape and the corner partitions are in octagonal shape. The interior of the tomb is covered with rococo plaster with decorations. There are four towers around the main tomb at the corners which are polygonal in shape and are provided with kiosks. They have marble panels which are faded, and decorated arches. There is an underground chamber in the mausoleum which houses the graves of Safadrjung and his wife. The ceiling of the mosque has been plastered, painted and ornamented.</p><br>
<p>The façade, though built in the style of the Taj Mahal, lacks symmetry as the vertical axis has been given prominence which has resulted in an unbalanced appearance to the tomb. The dome is more elongated; the central part has a taller pishtaq. The four minarets at the four corners are part of the main mausoleum which was totally a different concept in elevation compared to the Taj Mahal where the towers are detached and away from the facade of the tomb.</p><br>
<p>The architecture of the tomb is praised and also derided; it is derided for the lack of proportioning of its various units and use of poor material for construction. Reginald Heber, who was Bishop of Calcutta between 1823 and 1826, based on the light brown colour of the stone used, had observed that the tomb has the “colour of potted meat”. Even ASI has observed that the marble used for ornamentation in the towers though pleasing is “rather florid”. Another observation is that the tomb can not be compared to the Taj Mahal or the Humayun Tomb, as, at the time it was built, the Mughal Empire was on the decline and sandstone had to be used and lines were set improperly and the quality appeared “thread bare”.</p><br>
<h2>Garden</h2><br>
<p>The large square garden surrounding the tomb is surrounded by a wall that is approximately 280 m long on each side. The layout is in the form of four squares with wide foot paths and water tanks, which have been further subdivided into smaller squares. The garden is in the Mughal charbagh garden style, and is a smaller version of the garden of the Humayun Tomb which is also built in Delhi. One channel leads to the entrance gate and the other leads to the three pavilions. The main podium over which the mausoleum is built measures 50 m on each side. The high walls have been built in rubble stone masonry and have recessed arches in the interior. The towers or chatris are octagonal in shape. Its overall layout consists of four pavilions which have multiple chambers and the entrance gateway to the east is impressive. On the eastern side adjoining the gate are many apartments and a mosque, and a courtyard. The pavilions are laid out in the western, northern and southern directions and are named Jangli Mahal (palace in the forest), Moti Mahal (pearl palace) and Badshah Pasand (King’s favorite) respectively. Nawab’s family used to reside in these pavilions. Now the entire monument is under the control of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) who have their offices in the pavilions and also a library over the main gate</p><br>
<h2>Recent times</h2><br>
<p>On 21 August 2012, the then Health Minister of India, Ghulam Nabi Azad offered Eid prayers in a mosque in the complex. However under the law of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), "prayers at centrally protected monuments are not allowed unless the practice was prevalent at the time when it was notified as protected" and it is one of the 174 protected monument of ASI in Delhi. Earlier also, Indian vice president Hamid Ansari "planned to offer Eid prayers" at the tomb but was cancelled at the "eleventh hour".</p><br>
<p>The tomb has four fountains on each of the four sides. In December 2013, it was reported that a plan was going on for "activating the fountains" as officials believed that they "were in working condition". But "in recent excavation", ASI unearthed a drainage system adjacent to the fountain. The system would "help them restart these". Though there are four fountains, but according to ASI, only one, which is opposite to the main entrance would be made "functional".</p><br>
<p>In June 2014, the ASI shifted their office from the tomb to General Pool Offices near the Indian National Army Colony. In November of the same year new visitor boards were installed in the tomb to " promote the lesser known but striking monuments in the city ".</p><br>
<p>The 2013 Hollywood film, Jobs, was shot in the tomb.</p><br>
<p>The Frieda and Henry J. Neils House is a house in Minneapolis, Minnesota, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. The home was designed for Henry J. Neils, a stone and architectural materials distributor, and his wife Frieda. It is unusual for a Wright-designed home both in the type of stone used as well as in its aluminum window framing.</p><br>
<p>The Neils approached Wright in 1949 to help build a new home on property adjacent to their existing home, overlooking Cedar Lake. The home was designed through close collaboration between the architect and the Neils who were knowledgeable about architecture. It was Wrights only home to use marble walls: the small marble blocks were left over from other marble projects, and Henry Neil, who was a trustee of a marble company, was able to acquire them at a good price and convince Wright to use the material; however, the color of the completed walls did not satisfy either Wright or the Neils, and some of the blocks were later stained. Unlike Wrights normal use of wooden window frames, the home used aluminum frames made by Neils&#39; company.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed in Wrights post-World War II Usonian architecture, with the goal of "affordable, beautiful housing for a democratic America." The L-shaped, one-story homes floor plan features a dominant living room and social and spatial separation into "active" and "quiet" areas. The short side of the L consists of the "active" portion, centering on a living room with 17 ft-high vaulted ceiling and views of Cedar Lake; the "quiet" portion is the long side ending in a three-car carport and has bedrooms as well as a gallery leading to a hidden main entrance.</p><br>
<p>Located on 2801 Burnham Boulevard, the home is visible from public streets but remains privately owned by members of the Neils family.</p><br>
<p>Battery Chamberlin is an artillery battery in the Presidio of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States. The battery is named in honor of Captain Lowell A. Chamberlin, who had served with distinction in the Civil War. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This Endicott-era battery was built in 1904 with four six-inch rifled guns mounted on disappearing carriages and was intended to protect underwater minefields laid outside the Golden Gate during the time of war. These guns had a maximum range of 7.5 miles, and crews were trained to fire two rounds per minute. The original guns were removed in 1917 for use in World War I.</p><br>
<p>The battery received two six-inch guns on simple barbette carriages in 1920. During World War II, the Sixth Coast Artillery (Harbor Defense) Regiment, Battery "D", manned the two guns at Battery Chamberlin, living on-site until the end of the war. The battery was covered with camouflage netting to hide it from air attack. These guns were removed in 1948.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the National Park Service received 6-inch Gun M1905 (#9 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriage M1903 (#2 Watertown, each listed individually in the National Register of Historic Places, from the Smithsonian Institution. The gun and carriage were installed at gun emplacement No. 4 at Battery Chamberlin and are the similar to those installed in 1904. This is one of about a score of disappearing guns in the world that still operates, moving from loading to firing position.</p><br>
<p>Operation of the gun is open to the public, usually on the first full weekend of each month from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. An underground magazine contains photos and small exhibits on the harbor defenses of San Francisco. The battery is located at the north end of the parking lot at Baker Beach.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Agecroft Hall is a Tudor manor house and estate located at 4305 Sulgrave Road. on the James River in the Windsor Farms neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia, United States. The manor house was built in the late 15th century, and was originally located in the Irwell Valley at Agecroft, Pendlebury, then in the historic county of Lancashire, England, but by the 20th century it was unoccupied and in a state of disrepair.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Thomas C. Williams, Jr. of Richmond, Virginia, a wealthy entrepreneur, purchased Agecroft Hall upon the advice of his architect, Henry G. Morse. During the Country Place Era, when many wealthy American families were building extensive country estates emulating those they had seen in Europe, Mr. Williams, whose business interests included tobacco, banking and shipping wished to build a true English manor house on his 23-acre estate overlooking the James River. The manor house was dismantled, crated, transported across the Atlantic, and reconstructed in Richmonds Windsor Farms neighborhood - then a fashionable new neighborhood being developed by Mr. Williams on the Williams family farm site, which had long been known as Windsor.</p><br>
<p>The architect, Mr. Morse, was retained to oversee the reconstruction. The intention was not to replicate Agecroft as it had stood in Lancashire, but rather to create a functional and comfortable mansion reminiscent of its English predecessor. The original floor plan was abandoned and many 20th century conveniences were included. Reconstruction took two years and cost approximately $250,000, a considerable sum for that time. The project was completed during the spring of 1928.</p><br>
<p>The following year Mr. Williams died. With great foresight and generosity, he had stipulated in his will that upon his widow&#39;s death or relocation, Agecroft Hall would become a house museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hall was one of three manor houses owned by the Prestwich family from 1292 when Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, granted land on the banks of the River Irwell in Lancashire to Adam de Prestwich. In 1350, Johanna de Tetlow, daughter of Alice de Prestwich and Jordan de Tetlow, married Richard de Langley of Middleton after the deaths of her parents and brothers – possibly from the plague. The name "Agecroft" (from ache and croft) was adopted c. 1376, the old name of Pendlebury being dropped for the manor but not for the village. Subsequently, the Langleys lived at Agecroft Hall until 1561 when the male line failed. The Langleys were a powerful local family for several centuries with major land holdings across the area.</p><br>
<p>Robert Langley was the last male heir of the Langleys. The first Robert Langley (1379–1446) was a ward of John of Gaunt and later supported the claim of Gaunt&#39;s son as Henry IV in the overthrow of King Richard II. The second Robert Langley (1462–1547) supported Henry VII and received a lifetime annuity from him. And yet another Robert Langley (1506–1561) was created a knight by Edward VI and later received a general pardon from Queen Elizabeth. By this time the Langleys were very prosperous and had intermarried with all the great Lancashire families. But Sir Robert and his wife Cecily de Trafford had no son and on his death the property was divided equally between his four daughters.</p><br>
<p>Dorothy, the eldest, married James Assheton from Chadderton. Margaret married John Reddish of Reddish. Catherine married Thomas Legh, a younger son of Sir Piers Legh of Lyme. Anne, his third daughter inherited Agecroft Hall as part of her portion and subsequently married William Dauntesey.</p><br>
<p>Richard Langleys brother, William (1315-1386) was Rector of Middleton. Another brother, was the grandfather of Bishop Thomas Langley who entered the service of John of Gaunt and became Lord Chancellor of England, Keeper of the Privy Seal and Bishop of Durham. He was also elected a Cardinal, but refused the appointment. Bishop Thomas paid for the rebuilding of St Leonards Church, Middleton, which was reconsecrated in 1412.</p><br>
<p>In the 1662 Hearth Tax returns, Agecroft Hall was recorded as having 11 hearths out of a total of 35 in the whole of Pendlebury.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the 19th century, industrialisation swept through the Irwell Valley. Coal pits were opened all around Agecroft Hall, railway tracks were cut across the manor and the sinking of colliery made a dirty lake on the edge of the estate. The house fell into disrepair and was sold at auction in 1925 to Mr & Mrs Thomas C. Williams. Today, Agecroft Hall stands re-created on the banks of the James River, in a setting chosen to be reminiscent of its original site at Agecroft near the River Irwell. Agecroft&#39;s grounds reflect English gardens with Elizabethan aromatics and were designed by Charles Gillette.</p><br>
<h2>Babes in the Wood</h2><br>
<p>Cyril Bracegidle in his book Dark River: Irwell asserts that legend has it that the tale of the Babes in the Wood was inspired by an incident at the hall during the reign of Edward III. On the morning of the Feast of the Ascension (the 40th Day after Easter Sunday) in 1374, young Roger Langley and his sister escaped from the villainous Robert de Holland and his men and hid in the forest which covered the slopes of the Irwell Valley, cared for by loyal retainers, until their guardian, John of Gaunt, the first Duke of Lancaster, rescued them. However, other sources attribute the story to an incident in Wayland Wood, Norfolk.</p><br>
<p>Cincinnati Times-Star Building at 800 Broadway Street in Cincinnati, Ohio 45202, is a registered historic building. It was listed in the National Register on November 25, 1983. It was built in 1933 and was designed by the firm of Samuel Hannaford & Sons in the Art Deco Style. The limestone building has 15 stories with a basement and sub-basement beneath. There is no 13th floor as superstitions ran high during this time period. Much of the decorated facade plays homage to the printing and publishing businesses. Two hundred feet above the street stand four pillars at each of the tower&#39;s corners; they represent patriotism, truth, speed, and progress.</p><br>
<p>The newspaper plant occupied the first six stories. The floors above were offices. The Cincinnati Times-Star was an outgrowth of several newspapers and was owned by Cincinnati&#39;s Taft family. Charles Phelps Taft was editor.</p><br>
<p>Before moving into the Times-Star Building on Broadway on January 1, 1933, the newspaper&#39;s offices were on Sixth and Walnut streets.</p><br>
<p>When the Times-Star folded in 1958, its assets were purchased by its rival, The Cincinnati Post, who moved into the building and occupied it until 1984. The building was bought by Hamilton County in the late 1980s and renamed the 800 Broadway Building. It is used for county offices and by the Juvenile Court.</p><br>
<p>Nitzana  is an ancient Nabataean city located in the southwest Negev desert in Israel close to the Egyptian border. It may have been a camel caravan station on the eastern branch of the ancient Incense Route, serving pilgrims and merchants travelling to Sinai or central Egypt. The Nabataean towns of the Negev were typically founded around the first century BC, conquered by Romans two centuries later, who garrisoned the site, and inhabited by Byzantine Christians from at latest the fourth century until the invasion and the Muslim conquest of Syria in the seventh century. Relatively few stones remain on the site because most were recycled into buildings in Gaza in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Nessana papyri</h2><br>
<p>During excavations in 1935-37, a major trove of sixth- and seventh-century papyri in Greek and Arabic was discovered at this site, revealing a wealth of information about day-to-day life in Nabataean society between 505 and 689 CE, the last phase of Byzantine administration and the earliest phase of Arabic Islam. The papyri make this the best-documented of all the old Nabataean sites in the Negev. The find sites were two store rooms in the ruined Church of Mary Mother of God and of the soldier saints Sergius and Bacchus. Private documents, such as wills, greatly outnumber official ones: a fragmentary text of Virgil and a Latin-Greek glossary of the Aeneid, fragments of the Gospel of John and early seventh-century church archives and the personal papers of a "George, son of Patrick", on the one hand, and archives of the military unit, "Numerus of the Most Loyal Theodosians" on the other. Onomastics show that the largely Nabataean inhabitants of the city had become Christianized and Romanized in the early centuries CE, as well as documenting the arrival of a Byzantine phylarchate. Many names of ancient cities in the Negev come only from these documents. One of the last of the papyri describes coinage struck and soldiers employed by &#39;Abd al-Malik, replacing the Roman institutions with a new Ummayad power structure.</p><br>
<p>The Ariake Sea is a body of salt water surrounded by Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, and Kumamoto Prefectures, all of which lie on the island of Kyūshū in Japan. It is the largest bay in Kyūshū. Its deepest point is only about 50 m deep, and extreme tides exceed 4 m. It is used for aquaculture, with nori being a major product. Various species of fauna, including mudskippers, pen shells , and fiddler crabs, live in the Ariake Sea. In autumn, there is red-grass along the sea shore.</p><br>
<p>Recent years have brought increasing pollution, with resultant red tides. Isahaya Bay is a branch of the Ariake Sea. Across the Amakusa Islands lies the Yatsushiro Sea.</p><br>
<p>Many harbors are located on the coast. Among them are Misumi (in the city of Uki, Kumamoto Prefecture), Shimabara (Shimabara, Nagasaki), Taira (Unzen, Nagasaki), Nagasu (Nagasu, Kumamoto), Kumamoto (Kumamoto, Kumamoto), Miike (Omuta, Fukuoka), Kuchinotsu (Minamishimabara, Nagasaki), and Oniike (Amakusa, Kumamoto).</p><br>
<p>Five ferry routes cross the Ariake Sea.</p><br>
<p>The picturesque lake Körbersee is southwest of the village Egg in Vorarlberg at 1600 m amsl in Austria. It lies within the "Lechtaler" Alps in Vorarlberg. The lake can only be reached on foot; estimated walking time 45 minutes.</p><br>
<p>With a surface of ~ 5 ha it is a smaller lake in the province. The water possesses excellent drinking water quality and gives a protected living space to fishes and rare plants. The mighty "Widderstein" mount is reflected by the clear, cold water and is a remarkable view for hikers. Near the lake alpine economy can be found; perfect for small snacks.</p><br>
<p>A little bit deeper is another lake called "Kalbelesee". Its data are almost identical with the Körbersee. The whole lake area is a nature reserve.</p><br>
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<p>Sasthamcotta Lake or Sasthamkotta Lake, also categorized as a wetland, is the largest fresh water lake in Kerala, a state of India on the south of the West Coast. The lake is named after the ancient Sastha temple  located on its bank. It meets the drinking water needs of half million people of the Quilon district and also provides fishing resources. The purity of the lake water for drinking use is attributed to the presence of large population of larva called cavaborus that consumes bacteria in the lake water. The lake is a designated wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention since November 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located at a distance of 25 km from Quilon city, which is on the northern side of Ashtamudi Lake. Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, at 105 km, is the nearest airport to Kollam. Karunagapally, at a distance of 8 km, is the closest town to the lake. A ferry service across the lake transports people between West Kallada and Sasthamkotta.</p><br>
<h2>Topography and geology</h2><br>
<p>Except for an earthen embankment of 1.5 km length which separates the lake from the paddy fields on its southern side, bordering the alluvial plains of the Kallada River, all other sides of the lake are surrounded by hills which are steep and form narrow valleys. In the south and southwestern parts of the lake there are a number of smaller water bodies and waterlogged areas.</p><br>
<p>The present area of the lake is 375 ha since large part of the lake is reported to have been occupied for agriculture.</p><br>
<p>Rock formation of mainly archaean origin are recorded with intrusions of charnockite, biotite gneiss and dolerite dyke rocks. The Tertiary Varkala formations are observed along the coastal beds. In the valley portion, sand and silt deposits are recorded. Geomorphological divisions of the basin area of the lake comprise a) the undulating uplands which have fairly thick vegetation of mixed crops and plantations, b) the valley fills of laterite alluvium and colluvial deposits with low level areas which are intensely cultivated and thickly populated and c) the flood plains/alluvial plains of the Kallada River on the south that are mostly cultivated.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>There are no visible tributaries feeding the lake but springs at the bottom of the lake are stated to be one of the source which supply water throughout the year; volume of water in the lake is estimated to be of the order of 22.4 million cum.</p><br>
<p>A thick 10&ndash;20 m mantle of kaolinite rich (derivative of laterite) soil around the lake is stated to check flow into the lake and the theory is now that the lake is also rain fed; the lake water level is recorded to be higher at the end of the monsoon season. The average annual rainfall in the area is 2398 mm and mean annual temperature varies between 26.7 °C and 29.16 °C.</p><br>
<p>Ground water table in the area is reported at depth of 3.89 m. After accounting for estimated evaporation loss of 5 MCM (million cubic metres) and water utilized for domestic use of 8 MCM (at a pumpage rate of 22 MLD), the two together account for about two-thirds of the inflow.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>The lake water is reported to be free of common salt or other minerals and metals. The quality for surface water, interstitial water and sediments studied by World Wildlife Fund (WWF), India are briefly as noted below.</p><br>
<p>Quality for surface water (average values):</p><br>
<p>Surface water: pH 7.25; EC 63.00 Millimhos/cm; PO4 – P 4.93 Micro gm. / l; Ca 7.01Micro gm. / l; Na 4.33 Micro gm. / l; Fe 41.57 Micro gm. / l and Mn 12.11 Micro gm. / l.</p><br>
<p>Interstitial water: pH 7.20; PO4 – P 1.11 Micro gm. / l; Fe 59.1Micro gm. / l and Mn49.00 Micro gm. / l</p><br>
<p>Sediments: Organic C 8.95%; PO4 – P 1690.00 Micro gm. / l; Fe 17724.27 Micro gm. / l and Mn 86.36 Micro gm. /l</p><br>
<p>Water quality test results indicate that the lake water conforms to standards of drinking water prescribed by regulatory bodies.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>Eastern shore of the lake has the insectivorous plant Drosera Sp. Vegetation is negligible and rooted plants and floating plants are unimportant and insignificant. The crops grown on the banks of the lake, apart from paddy, are the plantation crops such as cashewnut, tapioca and plantain.</p><br>
<h2>Aqua fauna</h2><br>
<p>The aqua fauna noted in the lake are:</p><br>
<p>27 species of freshwater fishes include pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) and catfish, two genera of prawns, 21 species of herrings and sardines of the family Clupeidae</p><br>
<p>Common fish such as Calichrous bimaculatus and Wallago attu These varieties of fish generally have whisker-like barbells set around their mouths.</p><br>
<p>The common teal or dabbling duck is the smallest migratory bird found in the lake.</p><br>
<p>Some of the vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered species reported by WWF in the lake area are:</p><br>
<p>Critically endangered: Puntius ticto punctatus (Day)</p><br>
<p>Endangered: Horabagrus brachysoma (Gunther)</p><br>
<p>Vulnerable: Parambassis thomassi (Day)</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Resident troupes of monkeys are sighted on the banks in large numbers, which are part of the Sasthamkotta temple environment on the bank of the lake.</p><br>
<p>13 species of insects have also been identified; 9 are butterflies, 2 odonates and 2 hymenopterans.</p><br>
<h2>Deterioration in lake environment</h2><br>
<p>The quality of the lake environment is affected by the following factors.</p><br>
<p>Increasing anthropogenic pressure</p><br>
<p>Encroachment on parts of the lake for agriculture</p><br>
<p>Cultivation of tapioca has increased the soil loss by erosion and runoff into the lake basin</p><br>
<p>Domestic and agrochemical wastes from surrounding areas disposed into the lake</p><br>
<p>Soil erosion of the banks from the encroached land</p><br>
<p>Effluents from domestic sewage</p><br>
<p>Reduction of ground water recharge to the lake due to increase in agriculture in the area around the lake.</p><br>
<p>Soaking of dry leaves of coconut palm before matting, which are then used for thatching huts</p><br>
<h2>Conservation and management</h2><br>
<p>The Kerala State Government prepared a Conservation and Management Action Plan (MAP) in 1999 for the lake’s sustainable utilization and conservation and to address the threats faced by the lake. Financial support was sought from the Central Government under the National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) for implementation of MAP based on the specific problems identified in the wetland.</p><br>
<p>The MAP envisages the following activities:</p><br>
<p>Agro-forestry in the catchment,</p><br>
<p>sanitation and drainage,</p><br>
<p>pollution abatement,</p><br>
<p>limited desilting,</p><br>
<p>weed control,</p><br>
<p>conservation of flora and fauna,</p><br>
<p>fishery development, and</p><br>
<p>awareness campaigns among the local inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>The above activities were planned to be implemented through the Kerala Water Authority (KWA), Department of Forests and Wild Life, Department of Fisheries, State Fisheries Resource Management Society (FIRMA), District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), CWRDM, etc. Kerala State Council for Science Technology and Environment of Govt. of Kerala provided the support and overall supervision.</p><br>
<p>Dyrehaven , officially Jægersborg Dyrehave, is a forest park north of Copenhagen. It covers around 11 km&sup2;. Dyrehaven is noted for its mixture of huge, ancient oak trees and large populations of red and fallow deer. In July 2015, it was one of the three forests included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed as Par force hunting landscape in North Zealand.</p><br>
<p>All entrances to the park have a characteristic red gate; one of the most popular entrances is Klampenborg gate, close to Klampenborg station. All the entrance gates have an identical gate house attached to them, which serve as the residences of the forest wardens. Dyrehaven is maintained as a natural forest, with the emphasis on the natural development of the woods over commercial forestry. Old trees are felled only if they are a danger to the public. It has herds of about 2100 deer in total, with 300 Red Deer, 1700 Fallow Deer and 100 Sika Deer. Dyrehaven is also the venue for the Hermitage road race (Eremitageløbet) and the yearly Hubertus hunt (Hubertusjagten) which is held on the first Sunday in November. In former times it was home to the Fortunløbet race, later known as Ermelundsløbet, but this race was discontinued in 1960.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1669 Frederik III decided that the wood of "Boveskov" ("Beech wood") should be fenced in and wild deer from the surrounding areas driven into the newly created park. Boveskov was already well known as the former property of Valdemar the Victorious as it had been recorded in his census (the Liber Census Daniæ) of 1231. The forest lay in the westerly and southerly part of the present Dyrehaven and encompassed land used by the farmers from the village of Stokkerup, which lay to the north. Fencing work consisted of excavating a ditch, the earth from which was built up in a bank on the outside walls of the ditch, on the opposite side to the centre of the park. On the top of the bank posts were driven into the ground and fences installed. This made it more difficult for the deer to leap the fence, as the rise between the ditch and the bank effectively increased the level of the fence. The ditch and bank can still be seen for a long stretch in the south-easterly part of the current park. The work was never finished, as Frederik III died in 1670. The design, however, is still on record, and the area for the scheme worked out at around 3 square kilometres. When Frederik&#39;s son, Christian V, became king, he laid out new and more ambitious plans for Dyrehaven.</p><br>
<p>During his education Christian V had spent time at the court of Louis XIV in France. Here he had seen another type of hunting practice, parforce (hunting with dogs), that he wished to adopt. This style of hunting required a greater area of land for its practice, so Christian V increased the boundaries to include the fields up to the village of Stokkerup (the area known today as Eremitagesletten), as well as taking in the land that today is Jægersborg Hegn. The additional enclosure increased the size of the park to 16 km&sup2;. The inhabitants of Stokkerup, whose village pond still lies within Eremitagesletten area, were ordered to tear down their houses and make use of the materials to rebuild the farms in the area that had stood empty since the Northern Wars. They were compensated for this by having a period of three years during which they were exempt from taxation.</p><br>
<h2>Areas in Dyrehaven</h2><br>
<h3>Eremitagesletten</h3><br>
<p>Eremitagesletten is an area in the north of the park. Originally this area was the fields of the village of Stokkerup, but was enclosed when Christian needed it for hunting with dogs. Evidence of this can be clearly seen from the roads which are laid out in the classic star form that was typical for areas used in this form of hunting. In the middle of Eremitagesletten is the Hermitage, built during the reign of Christian VI.</p><br>
<p>Eremitagesletten is encircled by forest. From Hjortekær to the north and the east there is a row of chestnut trees that make up the boundaries of the plain. This row of trees marked the northern extent of Dyrehaven until 1913, when the boundaries were extended north of Mølleåen.</p><br>
<h3>Mølleåen</h3><br>
<p>This is an area north of Eremitagesletten near Rådvad along the banks of the Millstream.</p><br>
<h3>Fortunens Indelukke</h3><br>
<p>Fortunens Indelukke is an area in the west of Dyrehaven. It is fenced in and is the only part of the forest that the deer do not have access to.</p><br>
<p>There are a few other areas also fenced in, but only smaller and temporary to save the young trees.</p><br>
<h3>Ulvedalene</h3><br>
<p>Ulvedalene has Dyrehavens hilliest terrain, which was created during the last ice age. Djævlebakken, a popular sledging run is found in this part of the park. Ulvedalsteateret (Ulvedal theatre) gave performances for 39 years in Ulvedalene. The first time was in the summer of 1910 with Adam Gottlob Oehlenschlägers Hagbart and Signe. The idea originated from the actor Adam Poulsen and producer Henrik Cavling. The architect Jens Ferdinand Willumsen created spaces for about 4,000 sitting and 2,000 standing spectators, which made it possible to lower the ticket price to an accessible level. The theatre survived up to 1949, and after a break of almost 50 years, the tradition was revived by Birgitte Price with an arrangement of Johan Ludvig Heibergs Elverhøj in 1996 in a production supported by the Royal Danish Theatre, Lyngby-Taarbæk Kommune and Kulturby96. Since then there have been further performances, the latest, Thor, in June 2006.</p><br>
<h3>Von Langens Plantage</h3><br>
<p>This is the southernmost part of Dyrehaven and the most visited.</p><br>
<h4>Dyrehavsbakken</h4><br>
<p>Dyrehavsbakken (colloquially Bakken and literally in English "The Deer Gardens Hill") is the worlds oldest existing amusement park.</p><br>
<h4>Kirsten Piils Kilde</h4><br>
<p>Kirsten Piils Kilde (Kirsten Piil&#39;s Spring) was discovered in 1583 by Kirsten Piil about whom little is known. Legend states Kirsten was a pious woman, who, through her devotion, gave the spring curative powers, which made it a place of pilgrimage for the sick who would come to drink the water.</p><br>
<h4>Peter Lieps Hus</h4><br>
<p>Peter Lieps Hus (Peter Lieps House) is now a well-known restaurant. It is named after Dyrehavens first sharpshooter, Peter Liep. The house was originally called Kildehuset (Spring house) and is thought to have been to be built towards the end of the 18th century. In the 1860s a two-storey extension was added that gave the house a clumsy appearance. Peter Liep took over the building in 1888. In September 1915 the house burned to the ground, but it was reconstructed by 1916. In 1928 the house burned down again. It was rebuilt to a different design, basically as it can be seen today. After some years a pavilion and toilets were added. Visitor numbers consistently rose (the house had already achieved a good reputation as a restaurant by the end of the 19th century). In 1952 a fire again broke out in the house. The fire was extinguished before it did any major damage: a hole was burned in the thatched roof, but later the same day the extensions caught fire and burned down, and only the main farmhouse was able to be saved. The extensions were rebuilt in 1954 and a new pavilion added in 1960. All these buildings are today known under the collective name "Peter Lieps Hus", though the house is very different from the house Peter Liep lived in on the same spot.</p><br>
<h4>Fortunen</h4><br>
<p>Fortunen (The Fortune) is a former ranger station on the King&#39;s hunting road to Dyrehaven, named after the Roman goddess of luck Fortuna. It is now home to a hotel and restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Annual events</h2><br>
<p>Eremitage race</p><br>
<p>Day of the Kite</p><br>
<h3>Hubertus Hunt</h3><br>
<p>The Hubertus Hunt is a cross country horse race which takes place every year on the first Sunday in November, narking the end of the hunting season. First held in 1900, the event attracts about 160 riders and up to 40,000 spectators. The race always begins at Peter Liep&#39;s House and involves a break at the Hermitage Lodge. The race route is 13 km long and involves a total of 35 obstacles. The winner receives the Hubertus chain.</p><br>
<h3>Open air theatre</h3><br>
<p>The Royal Danish Theatre produces an annual theatre production at Ulvedalene in Jægersborg Dyrehave.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>This article incorporates text translated from the corresponding Danish Wikipedia article as of 29 March 2007.</p><br>
<p>Lyngby-Bogen 1989 / red. Jeppe Tønsberg. Udgivet af Historisk-Topografisk Selskab for Lyngby-Taarbæk Kommune</p><br>
<p>"Dyrehaven" af Torben Christiansen og Peter Lassen, Politikens Forlag, 2005.</p><br>
<p>Meulengracht-Madsen, Jens: "Dyrehavens gamle ege, deres alder og vækst", Naturens Verden, nr. 11-12/1999, vol. 82, side 2-21.</p><br>
<p>Sankassa  was an ancient city in India. The city came into prominence at the time of Gautama Buddha. According to a Buddhist source, it was thirty leagues from Savatthi. After the Gautama Buddha&#39;s Mahaparinirvana  king Ashoka developed this place and installed one of his famous Pillars of Ashoka in the city, from which the elephant capital survives. He also built a stupa and a temple commemorating the visit of the Buddha. This temple exist even today and the ruins of the stupa are also present as a temple of Vishari Devi. It is said that the name Visahari Devi is given to the mother of the Buddha.</p><br>
<p>Currently it has ruins of old monasteries and Buddhist monuments. It is rarely visited by pilgrims since it is difficult to go to, and there are not many facilities. After a long time Alexander Cunningham (British) discovered the place in 1842. Eighty-seven years later Sir Anagarika Dharmapala (Sri Lanka) came here on spiritual quest. In 1957 Panditha Madabawita Wijesoma Thero (Sri Lanka) came to Sankassa for few years and started a Buddhist school (Wijesoma Widyalaya) for poor people.</p><br>
<p>Sankassa is now identified with Sankissa Basantapura on the north bank of the Ikkhumati river (Kalinadi), between Kampil and Kannauj, twenty-three miles west of Fatehgarh, twenty-five south of Kaimganj and forty-five north of Kannauj, in Farrukhabad district of Uttar Pradesh state of India.</p><br>
<h2>Sankassa at the time of Ramayana</h2><br>
<p>It was known as Sankasya Nagar and was ruled by king Kushadhwaja, was a younger brother of Janaka, the father of Sita, the heroine of Ramayana and wife of Lord Rama. Once Sudhanva, supposedly an evil king of Sankasya Nagar, demands the hand of Sita from Janaka. In a war that ensues, Janaka defeats and perhaps kills Sudhanva. He bestows the kingdom of Sankasya to Kushadhwaja.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient Buddhist events at Sankassa</h2><br>
<p>Sankassa received its fame from statements and claims recorded in the ancient commentaries to the Tipitaka. However, in the Tipitaka itself the events that are supposed to have occurred at Sankassa are not mentioned at all.</p><br>
<p>It was at Sankassa that (according to the commentaries) the Buddha returned to earth, after preaching the Abhidhamma Pitaka in Tavatimsa, following the performance of the Twin Miracle under the Gandamba tree. As the time approached for the Buddha to leave Távatimsa, Moggallana (Anuruddha, according to Sutta Nipāta Commentary ii 570) announced his coming return to the multitude, who had been waiting at Savatthi, fed by Culla Anathapindika, while Moggallana expounded the Dhamma. They then made their way to Sankassa. The descent of the Buddha took place on the day of the Mahapavarana festival. Sakka provides three ladders for the Buddha&#39;s descent from Sineru to the earth: on the right was a ladder of gold for the gods; on the left a silver ladder for Maha Brahma and his retinue; and in the middle a ladder of jewels for the Buddha. The assembled people covered the earth for thirty leagues round. There was a clear view of the nine Brahma worlds above and of Avici (a hell) below. The Buddha was accompanied by Pañcasikha, Mátali, Mahá Brahmá and Suyáma. Sariputta was the first to welcome him (followed by Uppalavanna, and the Buddha preached the Law, starting with what was within the comprehension even of a puthujjana, and ending with what only a Buddha could understand.</p><br>
<p>On this occasion was preached the Parosahassa Játaka to proclaim to the multitude the unparalleled wisdom of Sáriputta. It is said that the Buddha&#39;s descent to Sankassa had provided opportunity for Moggallána to show his eminence in iddhi, Anuruddha in dibbacakkhu, and Punna in skill in preaching, and the Buddha wished to give Sariputta a chance of shining in his wisdom. He therefore asked of Sáriputta questions which no one else could answer. The opening words of the Sáriputta Sutta are supposed to refer to this descent from Tusita.</p><br>
<p>The site of the city gate of Sankassa is one of the "unchangeable" spots of the world (avijahitatthanam). All Buddhas descend at that spot to the world of men after preaching the Abhidhamma. From Sankassa the Buddha went to Jetavana.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>A shrine was erected on the spot where the Buddhas right foot first touched the ground at Sankassa. When the Chinese pilgrims, Xuanzang and Faxian, visited the place, they found three ladders, which had been built of brick and stone by the ancients, to commemorate the Buddhas descent, but the ladders were nearly sunk in the earth.</p><br>
<p>There was, in the Buddha&#39;s time, a deer park at Sankassa where Suhemanta Thera heard the Buddha preach. During the Vajjiputta controversy, Revata Thera, on his way from Soreyya to Sahajati, went through Sankassa. The road he took passed through Sankassa, Kannakujja, Udumbara and Aggalapura. The excavations carried out in the place did not reveal any artifacts of importance. An elephant capital from the period of Mauryas and probably from that of Ashokan period was found at the site.</p><br>
